WORKS AND MEMOIRS ON MOUNTAIN -MAKING, ETC. 833 



the last, refers the formation of mountains to lateral pressure; concludes that "the 

 crust beneath the oceans is of greater density than the average portions of the sur- 

 face," that is, that where the contraction was greatest the density of the rock-material 

 below is greatest, and proportionally so. — On the Constitution of the Solid Crust of 

 the Earth, Phil. Trans., 1871; Nature, iv.. 28, 141, 344, 1871. 



Dklaunay: Review of Hopkins, etc., Comptes Rendus, 1868, Geol. Mag., v., 507. 

 Bearing of the results of astronomy on the thickness of the earth's crust, Comptes Ren- 

 dus, March, 1871. 



H. Hennessy: Researches on Terrestrial Physics (with review of Hopkins on the 

 Condition of the Earth's Interior). Phil. Trans., 1851. — Influence of the Earth's Inter- 

 nal Structure on the Length of the Day, Phil. Mag., 1856. — Rigidity of the Farth (in 

 review of W. Thomson), Nature, v., 288, 1872. — Internal Fluidity (favoring fluidity), 

 Comptes Rendus, March, 1871, and Geol. Mag., viii., 216, 1871. — Limits of Hypotheses 

 regarding the Properties of the Matter composing the Interior of the Earth, Phil. Mag., 

 Oct., 1878, Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1878, Amer. J. Sci., III., xvi., 461. 



William Thomson: Dates from Terrestrial Temperatures, Rep. Brit. Assoc, 1855. 

 — Secular Cooling of the Earth, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, xxiii., 157, 1862. De- 

 crease in the Length of the Day owing to Tidal Friction, ibid, and Thomson and Tait's 

 Natural Philosophy. —On the Rigidity of the Earth, Proc. Roy. Soc, xii., 103, 1862 ; 

 Nature, v., 223, 1872. — On Geological Time, Trans. Geol. Soc Glasgow, iii., pt. 1, and 

 on Geological Dynamics, ibid., pt. 2; Geol. Mag., vi., 472, 1869; Nature, i., 507. — 

 Internal Fluidity of the Earth, Nature, 5, 257, 1872. — Address at the Glasgow Meeting 

 of the Brit. Association, in 1876, Rep. Brit. Assoc, and Amer. J. Sci., III., xii., 336; 

 withdraws his former argument from precession and nutation as to the earth's rigidity. 



T. H. Huxley: Address to the Geological Society of London, Quart. J. Geol. Soc, 

 xxv., 1869; alludes to Thomson on Geological Time. 



0. Fisher (Reverend) : On the Elevation of Mountain Chains, with a Speculation on 

 the Cause of Volcanic Action, Cambridge Phil. Soc, 1868, and abstract in Geol. Mag., 

 v., 493, 1868; makes lateral pressure the fundamental agency; and also urges that 

 mountain-raising makes cavities beneath, and causes thereby diminution of pressure, 

 and thence may come fusion and igneous phenomena. — On the Formation of Moun- 

 tains, with a Critique on Capt. Hutton's Lecture, Geol. Mag., x., 248, 1873. 



David Forbes: Nature of the Earth's Interior, Geol. Mag., viii., 162, 1871; makes 

 50 m. in thickness of crust, a liquid layer 400 m. thick, and the rest solid. 



Hutton (Captain) : On the Formation of Mountains, Geol. Mag., x., 166, 1873. 



E. Suess : Entstehung der Alpen, 8vo, Vienna, 1875; abstract in Amer. J. Sci., III., 

 x., 446, 1875; see pp 807, 821. 



A. Daubree: Etudes Synthe'tiques, etc., see page 770; in this important volume, the 

 facts from observation and experiment relate not only to the origin of minerals, veins, 

 ore-deposits, and metamorphism, but also to the flexing and fracturing of strata, the 

 origin of faults, joints, and slaty cleavage or lamination, the distorting of fossils, and 

 the effects of contraction as illustrating mountain-making. 



A. Heim: Mechanismus der Gebirgsbildung, im Anschluss an die geologische Mon- 

 ographic der Toedi-Windgaellen-Gruppe, 2 vols., 4to, Basel, 1878; describes, with great 

 fullness, the rocks and structure of a part of the Alps, and ably discusses the subject of 

 mountain-making ; holds that the foldings in the rocks have come from the earth's con- 

 traction on cooling, and that a contraction of l-100th of the earth's circumference would 

 have probably sufficed to make all the flexures of mountains found on the meridian 

 crossing the Alp<; and that the actual lessening of the earth's radius by the contraction 

 is about 50,000 meters. 



S. Haughton (Reverend) : Notes on Physical Geography, Proc. Roy. Soc, 1877, 1878; 

 in the earlier of these papers treats of the shifting of the earth's axis ; in that of April 

 4, 1878. gives for the time-ratios for the Archaean, Paleozoic, and subsequent time, as 

 deduced from the maximum thickness of the strata, 34*3: 42-5: 23-2, and, as deduced 

 from his calculations as to the secular cooling, 33-0 : 41-0 : 26*0; and concludes, from 

 the present rates of denudation and the maximum thickness of the earth's strata (very 

 uncertain data ?) that the minimum duration of geological time is 200,000,000 years. 



