APPENDIX. 855 



Miocene. — Gay Head, Martha's Vineyard, Mass.; Shiloh, Jericho ; Cumberland 

 County, and Deal, Monmouth Co., N. J.; St. Mary's, Easton, Md.; Yorktown, Suffolk, 

 Smithrield, Richmond, Petersburg, Va.; Astoria, Willamette Valley, John Day Valley, 

 Oregon ; San Pablo Bay, Ocoya Creek, San Diego, Monterey, San Joaquin and Tulare 

 Valleys, Cal. ; White River, Upper Missouri Region; Crow Creek, Colorado. 



Pliocene. — Ashley and Santee Rivers, S. C; Platte and Niobrara Rivers, Upper 

 Missouri; John Day Valley, Oregon; Sinker Creek, Idaho; Alameda County, Cal. 



C. — Brief Synopsis of this Manual. 



This synopsis is intended to serve as a basis for a short course of instruction, such 

 as may be desired in Institutions not strictly scientific. 



I. Introduction. — Physiographic Geology. — Page 1. Distinctions between a 

 plant or animal and a crystal, or organic and inorganic individuals. — 1, 2. In what 

 respects the earth is an individuality. — 2. Of what Geology treats. — Id. Physiog- 

 raphy. — The Earth in its relations to Man. — 3. Proof of oneness of law through 

 space. — 4. Aim of Geology. — 5. Instruction from fossils and strata. — 6. Existing 

 forces and the ancient identical. — 7. Subdivisions of Geology. — 9, 10. Form of the 

 earth. — 10. Relative extent of land and water. — The land in one hemisphere. — 11. 

 General arrangement of the oceans and continents. — Contrast in extent of the 

 Atlantic and Pacific oceans and Occidental and Oriental continents. — Oceanic depres- 

 sion : its true outline. — 12. Depth and character of the Oceanic depression. — 13. 

 Distribution of the continental areas. — 14. Oceanic islands in ranges. — Mean eleva- 

 tion of the land. — 15, 16. Subdivisions of the surface of continents, with examples of 

 each. — 16, 17. Average slope of Rocky Mountains. — 19. Composite nature of 

 Mountain-chains, and variations in the positions of the ridges along their courses. — 

 21. Examples of plateaus. — 22. General character of River-systems. — River-systems 

 of North America. — Positions of Lakes. 



II. Physiographic Geology, continued. — Page 23. First law with regard to the 

 reliefs of continents; Second law id. — 23, 24. How exemplified in North America. — 

 24. 25. Id. in South America. — 25, 26. Id. in Europe and Asia. — 27, 28. Id. in 

 Africa. — 28. Id. in Australia. — 29. What is a Continent? — 29. First and second 

 principles, with regard to the systems of courses of the earth's features; third prin- 

 ciple; fourth and ffth. — 29, 30. Examples in the Pacific of the Northwesterly system 

 cf trends. — 31, 32. Examples of the Northeasterly system. — 32,33. Characteristics 

 and extent of the Polynesian Chain. — 33. Id. of the Australasian Chain. — 34. Id. of 

 the New Zealand Chain. — 35. Trends of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. — Curves on 

 the const of Asia. — 36. Examples of the systems of trends in North America. — 37. 

 Id. in Asia and Europe. 



III. Physiographic Geology, continued. — Page 38. Main facts in the system 

 of oceanic movements. — 39. Explanation of the courses. — 40. Examples in the 

 Atlantic and Pacific. — 40,41. Effect of Oceanic currents on the isothermal lines of 

 the tropics (Physiographic Chart). — 42. Uses of the subject of oceanic temperature 

 to the Geologist. — 43. General system of Atmospheric currents. — Effects of land 

 and water on climate. — 44. Effect of varying the distribution of land over the globe. 



— 44. 45. Laws governing the distribution of forest-regions, prairies, and deserts. — 45. 

 Examples in America. — Cause of individual characteristics of continents. 



IV. Lithological Geology. — Page 47. Subjects treated of under Lithological 

 Geology. — A rock. — Organic constituents. — 48. Mineral constituents. — Diverse 

 qualities of the elements of organic and inorganic nature. — 49. Characteristic ele- 

 ments; Oxygen. — Special importance of Silicon. — 50. Aluminum; Magnesium; 

 Calcium. — 51. Potassium and Sodium; Iron; Carbon. — 52, 53. Characters of Quartz. 



— 53. Feldspar. — Mica. — 54. Hornblende. — 55. Pyroxene; Talc; Serpentine; 

 Chlorite; Calcite; Dolomite. — 56. Gypsum. — 59. Some of the materials of organic 

 origin. — 62. Changes in fossils. 



V. Lithological Geology, Continued. — Page 62. Definitions of fragmental, 

 sedimentary, stratified, fossiliferous rocks. — 62, 63. Of crystalline rocks. — 63. Ig- 



