APPENDIX. 861 



XXX. Cenozoic Time, continued. — Pages 563-565. Mammalian life of the Qua- 

 ternary, in Europe and Siberia. — 565-567. Id. in North America. —568-570. Id. in 

 South America. — 570, 571. Id. in Australia. — 571. General character of the life. — 

 Climate. — 572. Evidence from the life as to the Reindeer era. — 573. Ancient relics 

 of Man. — 574. Subdivisions of the " Stone Age."— 574. Occurrence of human relics 

 with those of extinct Quaternary Mammals. — 574, 575. Human skeletons. — 576. 

 Neolithic remains. — 578. Man's relations to the system of life. — 579, 580. Extinction 

 of species in modern times. — 582. Modern changes of level of two kinds ; in Sweden. — 

 583. Id. in Greenland, and the Pacific. — 584, 585. Id. at Pozzuoli. — 586. Probable 

 time-ratio for the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. — 586. Geographical progress in 

 the Tertiary. — 586, 587. Great events in the Quaternary. — 587. Agencies intensified 

 in the Quaternary. — 588. Culmination of Mammals. 



XXXI. Geological History. —Page 590. Evidence from Niagara as to the length 

 of Geological time. — 591. Evidence from Coral-reefs. — 593. Fact of progress in 

 the life of the globe. — 593, 594. Relation of progress to changes in climate, etc. — 

 594. The progress systematic. — 595. Examples of a parallelism with the successive 

 phases in embryonic development. — 596. Progress in cephalization. — 597. Compre- 

 hensive types. — 597, 598. The progress involved the culmination and decline of many 

 types. — 598. The earlier species under a type not necessarily the lowest. — 599. Con- 

 tinental peculiarities continued. — Representative species in different regions through 

 migration. — 600. The same may exist independent of migrations. — 600, 601. The 

 geological record imperfect. — 602. Examples of abrupt transitions. — 603. Abrupt 

 transition as regards Man. — 603, 604. First conclusion; second; third; fourth. 



XXXII. Dynamical Geology. — Page 605. Subjects treated under Dynamical 

 Geology. — 606. Life: its protective effects. — 607. Its transporting effects. — 607, 

 608. Its destructive effects. — 608, 609. Conditions determining its importance in 

 rock-making. — 609. Limiting influence of climate. — 610. Id. of soil. — Id. of the 

 nature and purity of the water. — 610, 611. Id. of the temperature and depth of the 

 ocean. — 612. Kinds of organic products from plants; shells; corals; bones; diatoms; 

 sponges. — 613. Reasons why aquatic species have contributed most to rocks. — 614. The 

 grade of species best fitted for rock-making. — Methods of fossilization. — 615. The 

 method of rock-making in the case of minute fossils. — Id. in the case of corals and 

 shells. — 616. Formation of peat. — 617. Causes limiting the distribution of coral reefs 

 and islands. — 618. Description of a coral island: — 619. Reef-rock. — 620 Beach-made 

 rock. — 620-622. Formation of the coral structure. — 622. Kinds of coral-reefs. — 623. 

 Extent and thickness. — 624. Origin of the forms of reefs. — 626. Recapitulation. — 



627. Cohesive Attraction: its identity with the power of crystallization. — Cleavage 

 in minerals and in rocks. — 627. Texture of Rocks. — Fissile and massive structure. — 



628. Cause of the concretionary structure. — 629. Resistance to fracture. — 629, 630. 

 Effects from Capillary Attraction. — 630. The Atmosphere: Working methods. — 

 631. Rending and abrasion. —631, 632. Transportation; Drift-sands. — 633. Dunes. — 

 Dust-showers. 



XXXIII. Water. — Page 635. General statements. Weakening of cohesion. Un- 

 like the air. — 636. Fresh Waters: Water of Rivers; drainage-areas. — 636, 637. What 

 determines amount of water in rivers. — 638. Pitch. — 639. Working-power. — 640. How 

 expended. — 641,642, 643. Erosion; valley-making; flood-grounds; ridge-making and 

 denuding. — 644, 645. Effect from positions of strata. — 647. Mountains of circumdenu- 

 dation. — 649. Erosion processes, and effects. — 650. Abrasion. — 653. Material trans- 

 ported. — 654, 655. Transporting power; assorting effect. — 655, 656. Amount trans- 

 ported. —657, 658. Distribution of material. — 659, 660. Deltas. — 660, 661. Structure. 

 Loess. — 662. Height of flood-plains. — 663. Sand-bars; oblique lamination. — 663. 

 Subterranean Waters: Source. — 665. Mechanical effects. — 667. Moisture in 

 rocks. 



XXXrV. Ocean. — Page 668. Source of force. —668, 669. Characteristics of its cur- 

 rents. —670, 671. Force and action of waves. — 679. Currents. —672. Tidal wave. — 

 673. Tidal currents ; eagre. — 674. Earthquake waves. — 675. Erosion by Currents ; by 

 Waves. — 677. Transportation : effects of salt water on deposition. —678. Oceanic cur- 





