862 



APPENDIX. 



Tidal and wind-made 

 684. Structure of de- 



rents. — Ordinary Waves. — 679. Earthquake Waves. — 680 

 Currents. —681, 682, 683. Fluvio-marine formations; deltas.- 

 posits; stratification. — 686. Action over a submerged continent. 



XXXV. Freezing and Frozen Water. — Page 687. Effects from freezing. — 688. 

 Ice of rivers and lakes. — Glaciers : 688, 689. General characters. —691. Avalanches. 



— 682. Formation of glaciers ; essential conditions. — 693. Characteristics of the flow. 



— 694. Rate of descent. — 695. Source of capability of motion. — 696, 697. Crevasses. 



— 698. Transportation; moraines. —699, 700. Methods and effects of erosion; sub- 

 glacier streams. — 701. Icebergs : Origin ; effects from. 



XXXVI. Water as a Chemical Agent. — See the headings through this chapter, 

 pages 702-712. 



XXXVII. Heat. — Page 712. Effects of heat. —712, 713. Causes influencing distri- 

 bution. — 714. Sources of heat. — The Sun. — Seasons. — Ellipticity of orbit or perihe- 

 lion and aphelion distances. — 714, 715. Eccentricity of orbit. — 716. Density of the at- 

 mosphere.— 716, 717. Arguments as to the fact of internal heat. — 718. Interior heat; 



ways of conduction outward 719. Heat from chemical action; from mechanical. — 



720, 721. Dilatation and contraction from the sun's heat; from subterranean heat. 



XXXVIII. Igneous Action and Results. — Page 722. Volcanoes: Nature.— 

 723. Distribution.— 724, 727. Kinds of Cones. —727. Volcanic agents ; kinds of rock- 

 material. —728. Vapors or gases. — 728. Phenomena. — 729, 730, 731. Action in Mount 

 Loa and Kilauea. — 732, 733. Action in the Lipari Islands. —733. Action in Vesuvius. 



— 734, 735. Mount Shasta. — 736. Solfataras. — 737, 738. Inference from quiet and 

 catastrophic eruptions; periodicity; fissure-eruptions. — 739. Volcanoes not "safety- 

 valves." — 740. Non-volcanic eruptions. — 743. Temperature of fusion. —744, 745, 746. 

 Conditions of volcanic action ; agency of fresh waters. — 746, 747. Conditions in non- 

 volcanic igneous ejections. — 749. Hot Springs; depositions. — 750. Action of Geysers. 



XXXIX. Metamorphism. — Page 754. General facts. — 755. Effects in consolida- 

 tion. — 756,757. Other effects. — 757, 758. Metamorphic agencies. — Facts indicating 

 the degree of heat concerned. — 758. Source of moisture. — 759. Effects from the aqueo- 

 igneous action. — 761. Effects from different amounts of moisture; intensifying of dif- 

 ferences in sediments ; obliteration of bedding without plasticity. — 762. Source of heat. 



— 763. Local metamorphic effects. — 765. Chronological relations. — 766. Effects of re- 

 peated trituration. 



XL. Mineral Veins and Ore-deposits. — Pages 770, 771. Positions of veins. — 

 771. Forms of veins. — 772. Faults in veins. — 773. Structure of veins; banded. — 774. 

 Origin of fissures. — 775. Three modes of filling veins; Veins of Segregation; effects 

 of difference in amount of heat. — 776. Local ore-deposits of non-metamorphic and non- 

 igneous regions. — 777. Veins of plastic injection. — 778. Contact veins. — 779. Bed 

 impregnations. — 780. Sediment-formed veins. 



XLI. Causes and Effects of Movements in the Earth's Crust. — Page 782. 

 Actuallj' of change of level. — 784. Facts respecting changes of level; insufficient the- 

 ories. — 785. Flexures of mountain regions. — 788. Peculiarities of flexures. — 789. 

 Case of torsion. — 789, 790. Elevated plateaus. — 790, 793. Fractures, Faults. — 794. 

 Slowness of accumulation. — 795. Intervals between epochs. — 797. Continents. — 798, 

 799. Capability of flexure. —801-803. Illustrations of fractures. — 804. Earthquakes. 

 805. Modes of observation. — 806, .807. Inequilateral character of mountains. — Conclu- 

 sion. 



XLII. Pages 808-810. Arguments as to the condition of the earth's interior. — 810- 

 Demands of geology. — 813, 814. Working agencies. — 815, 816. The modifying con- 

 dition needed for making continents, and that probably existing. — 817. Resulting 

 flexures. — 818, 819. First and second kinds of monogenetic mountains. — 819, 820. 

 Steps of progress in the third kind. — 822. Final results through erosion. — 823. Con- 

 sequent character of mountain chains. — 823, 824. Distinctive character of later geo- 

 logical time as regards change of level. — Fractures and igneous ejections.— 824, 825. 

 Kinds of valleys. — 825, 826. Reasons for the positions of mountain chains. — 826. Il- 

 lustrations of the universality in the movements. — 828. North America simple in evo- 

 lution. — 829. Climatal changes, and their effects. — 830. General system of progress. 



