CONTENTS. XV 



PART IV— Dynamical Qeology. 



PAGE 



General Subdivisions 603 



I. Life 604 



1. Protective Effects 604 



2. Transporting Effects 605 



3. Destructive Effects 605 



4. Contributions to Rock Formations 606 



1. Peat Formations 613 



2. Coral Formations 614 



II. Cohesive Attraction— Crystallization 625 



III. The Atmosphere 628 



IV. Water 632 



1. Fresh Waters 632 



1. Superficial Waters — Rivers and Smaller Lakes 632 



1. General Observations 632 



2. Mechanical Effects 635 



1. Erosion 635 



2. Transportation 642 



3. Distribution — Alluvial Formations 644 



2. Subterranean Waters — Artesian Wells — Land-Slides.. 647 

 2. The Ocean — including also Large Lakes 650 



1. Oceanic Forces — Currents — Waves 650 



2. Oceanic Effects 655 



1. Erosion 655 



2. Transportation 657 



3. Distribution — Marine and Fluvio -Marine Form- 



ations 659 



4. Action over a Submerged Continent 665 



3. Freezing and Frozen Water 667 



1. Freezing Water 667 



2. Ice of Rivers and Lakes 667 



3. Glaciers , 667 



4. Icebergs 677 



4. Formation of Sedimentary Strata 678 



5. Topographical Results of Erosion over Continents 679 



V. Heat 681 



1. Heat of the Globe 681 



2. Volcanoes 684 



3. Non-Volcanic Igneous Ejections 702 



4. Metamorphism and Origin of Veins 711 



