358 PALEOZOIC TIME — CARBONIFEROUS AGE. 



of this ancient tribe. But there were Crustaceans of new kinds. Fig. 607, Belli- 

 nurus (Limulus) rotundatus, reduced one-half, a species related apparently to the 

 Horseshoe (Limulus) of the Atlantic coast. Fig. 606, Gampsonyx fimbriatus, 

 like a shrimp in general form, but belonging to the tribe of Schizojwds, that is, 

 Macrourans having an accessory branch to the legs (from oxifa, to divide, and 

 rot;?, foot); they are the lowest of Macrourans (p. 153). Fig. 611 A represents a 

 species still more like a shrimp, and it has been called Anthracopalsemon, from 

 .Palsemon, the name of a modern genus of shrimps, and the Greek for coal. 

 It is from Lanarkshire, Scotland. A. dubius and A. Grossarti are other species 

 referred to this genus, the former from Coalbrook Dale (includes the Glyphea ? 

 dubia Salter, and Apus dubius M. Edwards), and the latter from Lanarkshire; 

 but the broad flattened carapax indicates a nearer relation to JEglea and Gala- 

 thea than to Palsemon. Pyocephalus Couperi is the name of a Schizopod from 

 near Manchester, England. 



(b.) Spiders. — Fig. 610, Cyclophthalmus Buchlandi, a scorpion of the Coal 

 measures of Chomle, in Bohemia. Microlabis is another Carboniferous genus, 

 of the family of Pseudo-scorpions. These are the first of the class of Spiders in 

 geological history. 



(c.) Insects. — Remains of insects have been found at several localities, and 

 especially at Saarbruck and Wettin. Fig. 609, a wing of the Blattina primseva 

 Jordan, or Carboniferous Cockroach, very similar to the American (fig. 602 A) ; 

 it is from Saarbriick. Fig. 608, wing of Dictyoneura anihracophila Jordan, a 

 Neuropterous insect of the Semblis family. Saarbruck has afforded also a 

 species of Termites, another Neuropterous insect; a locust (Orthopterous) for 

 which the genus Gryllacris has been instituted ; and a beetle or Coleopter referred 

 to the new genus Traxites. Two weevils (Curculionids) have been reported from 

 Coalbrook Bale (Shropshire), England; but Heer regards them as Crustaceans, 

 and not Insects. 



Vertebrates. — (a.) Fishes. — The fishes of the Carboniferous age are found 

 most abundantly in the Subcarboniferous limestones, as these were wholly 

 of marine origin: still, a considerable number of species occur in the Coal 

 measures. The Selachians are of the genera Ctenodus, Gtenoptychius, Gyra- 

 canthus, etc., and also Helodus, Gladodus, Orodus, Ctenacanthus, etc., which are 

 mostly Subcarboniferous. The most common Coal measure genera of Ganoids 

 are Palseoniscus, Amblypterus, and Holoptychius. All the Ganoids have verte- 

 brated tails. 



(b.) Reptiles. — A few Reptilian remains have been observed in Europe and 

 Britain similar in general character to those of America, and indicating the 

 existence of ordinary Amphibians and Labyrinthodonts. One species, Para- 

 batrachus Colei Owen, is a Labyrinthodont from the British Coal measures. 

 The Archegosaurus Decheni Goldfuss, a Carboniferous species from Saarbriick, 

 has been regarded as a Proteoid Salamandrian. But Agassiz has observed that 

 even in their limbs — their most Reptilian feature — they are closely like Ganoid 

 fishes of the genus Polypterus. Apateon pedestris H. v. Meyer, is another spe- 

 cies related to the Archegosaurus, if not of the same genus; it is from near 

 Miinsterappel, on the Bavarian Rhine. Anthracosaurus Russelli Huxley, of the 

 Lanarkshire coal-field, is a large Labyrinthodont, allied to the Mastodomaurue. 



