514 



CENOZOIC TIME — MAMMALIAN AGE. 



Fig. 797 A. 



Negundo, Sapindus, Ficus, Laurus, Persea, Salisburia, Cornus, Rhus, Ole.a, 

 Rhamnus, Terminalia, Magnolia, Smilax, Cinnamomum; (2) Conifers, — Thuja, 

 Sequoia, Taxodium, Glyptostrobus ; (3) Palms, — Sabal, Calamopsis. 



Fig. 793, Quercus myrtifolia (?), from Sommervdlle, Tennessee, the Lagrange 

 group of Safford ; fig. 794, Cinnamomum Mississip- 

 piense Lsqx., from Mississippi, northern Lignitic 

 group,at Winston; fig. 795, Calamopsis Danse Lsqx., 

 from Mississippi, northern Lignitic group, in Tip- 

 pah, Lafayette, Calhoun ; fig. 796, nut of Fagus 

 ferruginea ? from the Lagrange group of Tennes- 

 see ; fig. 797, Carpolithes irregularis Lsqx., from the 

 Brandon Lignite bed; fig. 797 A, Carpolithes Bran- 

 donensis Lsqx., the most abundant of the Brandon 

 nuts, natural size. The kind of plant producing 

 these two fruits is undetermined. Among the 

 other Brandon fruits Lesquereux has recognized 

 the genera Carya, Fagus, Aristolochia, Sapindus, 

 Cinnamomum, Illicium, Carpinus, and Nyssa. (Amer. 

 Jour. Sci. [2] xxxii. 355.) 



The plants of the Lignite bed of Lauderdale 

 (which is distinctly overlaid by the Claiborne 

 Eocene) " show the greatest affinity with species of our time, and are apparently 

 of as recent an epoch as the fruits of Brandon." (Lesquereux.) 



Carpolithes Brandonensis. 



2. Animals. 



Among Protozoans, Ehizopods are very numerous in some of the 

 beds, as in the Ashley Eocene in South Carolina. The coin-shape 

 fossils, Nummulites and Orbitoid.es, especially species of the latter, 

 abound in the Vicksburg beds. 



The Radiates comprise Corals and Echini partly of modern 

 genera. The Mollusks embrace species of Oyster, Venus (clam), 

 Chama, Area, Voluta, Cyprcea, and other modern genera, but no 

 Brachiopods except Terebratulids and Discince, and no Cephalopods 

 but species of Nautilus. There are numerous land and fresh-water 

 shells in the beds of the Upper Missouri region. 



Of Articulates, there are Crabs and Insects of nearly all the modern 

 tribes, excepting the higher group among Crabs, — the Maioid, or 

 Triangular. 



Vertebrates are represented by remains of Fishes, Reptiles, Birds, 

 and Mammals. The fishes are of the order of Teliosts, and the 

 family of Squalodonts among Sharks. The teeth of the latter 

 (see figs. 465-467, p. 277) are exceedingly abundant in both the 

 Eocene and Miocene ; and some of the triangular teeth of Carcharo- 

 don megalodon are six and a half inches long and five broad at base. 

 They are found at Gay Head, as well as in the States south and 



