516 



CENOZOIC TIME — MAMMALIAN AGE. 



Seal, and Walrus. Martha's Vineyard and other places on the 

 Atlantic coast have afforded bones of these species. 



The Pliocene beds, or those of the Sumter epoch, in South Caro- 

 lina, have afforded the remains of a Mastodon and Stag (Cervus). In 

 the Upper Missouri region exists the great cemetery of the epoch, 

 and it is nearly as wonderful as that of the earlier Tertiary. From 

 remains gathered mainly by Hayden, on the Niobrara and on the 

 Loup Fork from North Branch to its source, and some other points, 

 Leidy has determined twenty-seven species of Mammals, all now 

 extinct. They include three species of Camel (genus Procamelus), a 

 family before unknown among either the ancient or recent animals 

 of America ; a Rhinoceros (R. erassus) as large as the Indian species; 

 a Mastodon (M. mirificus) smaller than the M. giganteus of the Post- 

 tertiary ; an Elephant, peculiar to the epoch (E. Imperator), larger 

 than the largest before discovered ; four or five species of the Horse 

 family, one of which was closely like the modern horse ; a species 

 of Deer ( Cervus Warreni) ; others near the Musk-deer of Asia ; species 

 of Oreodon; a Wolf, larger than any living species, and a small Fox, 

 besides four other Carnivores ; a small Beaver and a Porcupine. The 

 collection of animals has a strikingly Oriental character, except in 

 the preponderance of Ungulates. 



Characteristic Species. 



A. Claiborne Epoch.—]. Mollusks — (a.) Conchifers.— Fig. 798, Ostrea 

 seUseformis ; 0. divaricata ;■ 0. Vomer ; 0. panda; Pecten Lyelli ; fig. 799, 



Figs. 798-802. 



800 



Fig. 798, Ostrea seUseformis; 799, Crassatella alta; 800, Astarte Conradi; 801, Cardita plani- 

 costa ; 802, Turritella carinata. 



