TERTIARY PERIOD. 525 



them Bowerbank has distinguished those of 13 species of Palms, 

 showing that England in the Eocene was a land of Palms. In the 

 Tyrol, there are other Eocene beds containing palms ; moreover, 

 out of 180 species of plants 55 were Australian in character, and 

 23 allied to plants of tropical America. In the Miocene, Palms 

 appear not to have reached so far north as England, and the forests 

 of Europe were less tropical in character. What is remarkable, a 

 much larger proportion of species than now were of North Ameri- 

 can type, showing that while the Eocene vegetation of Europe was 

 largely Australian, the second or Miocene phase (including in part 

 at least the Upper Eocene of Lyell) was North American in type. 

 In the Pliocene the Flora embraces the modern types of Eose, 

 Plum, Almond, Myrtle, Acacia, Whortleberry, besides Maples, 

 Oaks, etc. 



Eocene plant-beds occur also at Sotzka in Upper Styria, Sagor in Illyria, 

 Monte Cromina in Dalmatia; others referred to the Miocene epoch exist atBilin 

 in Bohemia; St. Gallen in Switzerland; (Eningen in Germany; at Parschlug, 

 Fohnsdorf, Leoben, Koflach, etc. in Styria; and at Swoszowice in Galicia. 



Out of the 180 species from the Eocene beds of Haring, 55, according to Et- 

 tingshausen, are Australian in type, 28 East Indian, 23 tropical American, 14 

 South African, 8 Pacific, 7 North American and Mexican, 6 West Indian, 5 South 

 European. The resemblance to Australia consists not merely in the number of 

 related species, but in their character, — the small, oblong, leathery-leaved Pro- 

 tectees and 3fyrtacese, the delicately -branching Casuarinse, the Cypress-like spe- 

 cies of Frenela and Callitris, etc. Only 11 species have their representatives in 

 warm-temperate climates. 



In the Miocene of Vienna, of the 33 species described by Ettingshausen, 10 

 are North American in type, 2 South American, 6 East Indian, 2 Australian, 2 

 central Asiatic, 4 South European, 1 central European; 11 species are sub- 

 tropical, and 13 warm-temperate. The species particularly related to those of 

 North America (its warmer portion) belong to the genera Fagus, Quercus, Li- 

 quidambar, Laurus, Bumelia, Diosjjyros, and Andromedites. 



The Pliocene Flora of Europe was strikingly North American in type, as 

 Brongniart has shown. He mentions as examples the following genera of tem- 

 perate North America which do not now occur in Europe : — Taxodium, Comp- 

 tonia, Liquidambar, Nyssa, Robinia, Gleditschia, Cassia, Acacia, Rhus, Juglans, 

 Ceanothus, Celastrus, Liriodendron, Symplocos. Moreover, certain genera, as 

 that of the Oak (Quercus), which have numerous species in America, had many 

 in Pliocene Europe, but have few now. 



2. Animals. 



Ehizopods were as important and abundant in the Tertiary ae 

 in the Cretaceous period. Among them the coin-shaped Nummulites 

 (see fig. 192, p. 164) contributed very largely to the constitution of 



