582 ERA OF MIND. 



sandy layer, and a nearly entire skeleton of a Rhinoceros in the inferior bed of 

 gravel. This evidence of man's antiquity is still questioned. 



(2.) Near Amiens, at St. Acheul, and elsewhere in the same valley. — The beds are 

 similar, and are situated eighty-nine feet above the bottom of the valley. Their 

 thickness is twenty to thirty feet. The arrow-heads and hatchets are in gravel 

 resting on chalk ; and in the same deposits were found bones of the ancient 

 Elephant, Rhinoceros, and Hippopotamus. Other localities of flint arrow-heads 

 occur in the valley of the Seine near Chatillon-sur-Seine, and in that of the Oise, 

 at Precy. 



(3.) At Hoxne, England, five miles east of Diss. — Flint implements occur here 

 in alluvium with land and fresh-water shells and some Mammalian bones, — part 

 of them of extinct species ; and it is probable that the deposits date back to 

 the age of the Post-tertiary Mammals. The beds, according to Prestwich, are 

 more recent than the " boulder-clay" of the Glacial period. The period, he 

 observes, " was amongst the latest in geological time, — one apparently imme- 

 diately anterior to the surface assuming its present form so far as it regards some 

 of the minor features." 



Prestw'^h also remarks that "the evidence" from the occurrence of human relics 

 with the b(oes of extinct animals, "as it at present stands, does not seem to me 

 to necessitate Mie carrying of Man back in past time, so much as the bringing 

 forward of the ex'inct animals towards our own time ; my own previous opinion, 

 founded on an independent study of the superficial drift or Pleistocene (Post- 

 tertiary) deposits, having likewise been certainly in favor of this view." 



(4.) About several of the Swiss lakes there are the remains of " Lake-habitations," 

 in the shape of piles and platforms for their support, which are in view at occa- 

 sional low stages of the water. In connection with the structures numerous 

 human relics have been found, such as stone arrow-heads, lance-heads, axes, 

 hammers, bone harpoons, bone arrow-heads, pieces of pottery, but nothing made 

 of metal. According to Keller, 24 of these lake-habitations have been found on 

 Lake Geneva, 26 on Lake Neufchatel, 16 on Lake Constance, 11 on Lake Bienne, 

 besides many on the other lakes. Part, however, belong to the later or "Bronze 

 age." 



B-utimeyer states that 66 species of vertebrate animals have been identified in 

 connection with the earliest ruins, — 10 of Fishes, 3 of Beptiles, 17 of Birds, and 

 the rest (36) Mammals. Eight of the latter were probably domesticated, — the 

 Bog, P'uj, Horse, Ass, Goat, Sheep, and two species of Oxen ; and among the 

 rest occur bones of the A urochs and Bison. As these £wo species were cotem- 

 poraries of the ancient Elephant, it is possible, as Butimeyer observes, that the 

 structures date back to the earliest tribes of Men in Europe. Yet the absence 

 of the remains of the Elephant and Mastodon seems to show that they belong to 

 a later date than the deposits of Amiens. 



Caverns. — Near Aray, in the Department of Aube, according to De Vibraye, 

 a human jaw was found in the same bed which contained remains of Rhinoceros 

 and the Gave Bear and Hyena. In Kent's Cavern near Torquay, England, 

 there are flint arrow-heads; at Brixham, Devonshire, in the superficial stalag- 

 mite; and in one near Liege, explored by Schmerling. Other human relics, as 

 fragments of rude pottery and bones, have been found with bones of the ancient 

 Mammals ; and they occur in each case in such connections as appear to show 



