588 ERA OF MIND. 



Eua, Tonga Group, nearly 300; Vavau, 100; Savage Island, 100. 

 Many others have been raised to a less amount. 



2. Paroxysmal. — The changes of level about Pozzuoli near Na- 

 ples, at Cutch in the Delta of the Indus, and on the Chilian coast, 

 South America, are noted examples of modern change of level. 

 The first appears to have been gradual in its progress ; but, if so, it 

 is not properly secular in the sense in which that term is used. 

 The cases at Cutch and in Chili were connected with earthquakes ; 

 the other is in the volcanic region of southern Italy. 



The temple of Jupiter Serapis at Pozzuoli was originally 134 feet 

 long by 115 wide, and the roof was supported by forty-six columns 

 each forty-two feet high and five in diameter. Three of the columns 

 are now standing : they bear evidence, however, that they were once 

 for a considerable time submerged to half their height. The 

 lower twelve feet is smooth ; for nine feet above this they are pene- 

 trated by lithodomous or boring shells, and remains of the shells 

 (a species now living in the Mediterranean) were found in the 

 holes. The columns when submerged were consequently buried 

 in the mud of the bottom for twelve feet, and were then in water 

 nine feet deep. The pavement of the temple is now submerged. 

 Five feet below it there is a second pavement, proving that these 

 oscillations had gone on before the temple was deserted by the 

 Eomans. It has been recently stated that for some time previous 

 to 1845 a slow sinking had been going on, and since then there has 

 been as gradual a rising. 



At the earthquake in 1819 about the Delta of the Indus, an area 

 of 2000 square miles became an inland sea, and the fort and village 

 of Sindree sunk till the tops of the houses were just above the 

 water. Five and a half miles from Sindree, parallel with this 

 sunken area, a region was elevated ten feet above the delta, fifty 

 miles long and in some parts ten broad. The natives, with refer- 

 ence to its origin, call it Ullah Bund, or Mound of God. In 1838 

 the fort of Sindree was still half buried in the sea ; and during 

 an earthquake in 1845 the Sindree Lake was turned into a salt 

 marsh. 



In 1822 the coast along by Concepcion and Valparaiso, for 1200 

 miles, was shaken by an earthquake ; and it has been estimated 

 that the coast at Valparaiso was raised three or four feet. In Feb- 

 ruary, 1835, another earthquake was felt from Copiapo to Chili, and 

 east beyond the Andes to Mendoza. Captain Fitzroy states that 

 there was an elevation of four or five feet at Talcahuano, which was 

 reduced by April to two or three feet. The south side of the island 

 of Santa Maria, near by, was raised eight feet, and the north ten, 



