ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIODS. 21 



lie was surrounded, he would only at rare intervals be drowned 

 in lakes and rivers, or fall a victim to inundations. Considera- 

 tions such as these should lessen our surprise that remains of 

 Palaeolithic man are not more frequently encountered. 



Isolated bones, and now and again skulls, and skeletons 

 more or less complete, have been met with in a number of caves. 

 Among the most famous of the crania is that found by Dr. 

 Fuhlrott in a limestone-cave in the Xeanderthal, near Hochdal, 

 between Dlisseldorf and Elberfeld, and the Engis cranium, dis- 

 covered by Dr. Schmerling in a cave near Liege, where it was 

 associated with bones of the cave-bear. Some French caves 

 have more recently furnished similar remains. Of these the 

 best known example is that of the rock-shelter of Cro-Magnon, 

 in the valley of the Vezere, in which were found the bones of 

 three men, a woman, and a child, described by MM. Broca and 

 Primer Bey. The complete skeleton of a man was likewise 

 obtained by M. Eiviere in a cave near Mentone, and M. Masse- 

 nat made a similar discovery at Laugerie-Basse. MM. Lartet 

 and Chaplain-Duparc also record the occurrence of a human 

 skull along with Palaeolithic implements in the Cave of Duruthy, 

 near Sorde, in the Western Pyrenees. In several of the Pyren- 

 ean caves, as in that of Gourdan, human bones of Palaeolithic 

 age appear to have been not infrequently met with. Some of 

 these were probably interred, others from their broken condition, 

 and the marks upon them of blows and cuts or stabs, doubtless 

 tell of violent death. Thus in the cave of Gourdan, M. Piette 

 discovered several fragmentary skulls which bore evident indica- 

 tions of such treatment, and he infers that they are probably the 

 remains of men slain in fight, whose heads were cut off and 

 brought to the cave, where the brains may have been taken 

 out and mixed in some kind of pottage, as is the custom of 

 certain modern savages. But there is no evidence to show 

 that Palaeolithic man was a true cannibal. Amongst the 

 enormous quantities of bones of various animals which occur 

 in the cave - deposits, and which have been split to extract the 

 marrow, those of man are never found in that condition, a 



