PLEISTOCENE LOAMY DEPOSITS. 149 



being particularly abundant in the upper layers, while M. tor- 

 quatus (torquated lemming) predominates in the lower-lying beds. 

 The other species associated with the lemmings are Arvicola 

 gregalis (Siberian social-vole), and old and young individuals of 

 the Arctic fox and reindeer. Confined to the upper part of the 

 stage are Equus cdballus (horse), Arvicola ratticeps (Northern field- 

 vole), A. amphibius (water-vole), and species of lagomys, sper- 

 mophile, and bat. The beds contain a considerable admixture 

 of lime, which often forms concretions round the bones, and now 

 and again gravel-stones make their appearance. In this lowest 

 stage occurred various relics of man — old hearths and flint 

 implements. Although a clearly -marked line separates the 

 lowest from the middle stage, it is to be observed that remains 

 of the lemming occur sporadically in the lower portion of the 

 mammoth-beds (Stage 2), while traces of the mammoth in like 

 manner are met with in the upper portion of the lemming-beds 

 (Stage 3). 



The section at Westeregeln also shows three stages, which, 

 however, do not correspond precisely with those at Thiede. The 

 upper and middle stages at the former locality consist of bedded 

 deposits, which have a more or less loss-like appearance ; but 

 they are generally coarser in the grain than typical loss. They 

 contain, besides several characteristic loss-shells, a number of 

 mammals, including Alactaga, Spermophilus, Arctomys bobac, La- 

 gomys pusillus, and several species of Arvicola. These are most 

 common at a depth of from 12 to 18 feet ; above and below this 

 horizon they occur only at intervals. Along with the species 

 just mentioned come also mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, and rein- 

 deer, and other so-called " diluvial " animals. The lowest beds 

 of "Westeregeln, occurring at a depth of 20 to 30 feet, are dis- 

 tinctly stratified, and consist of alternations of sand and clay. 

 They contain such shells as Cyclas (cornea ?) and Planorbis cari- 

 natus, and occasional stones. If we except their calcareous nature 

 the beds have nothing apparently in common with true loss ; 

 they have yielded remains of the lemming, but not so abun- 

 dantly as the beds at Thiede. Other species associated with the 



