150 PREHISTORIC EUROPE. 



lemming at Westeregeln are woolly rhinoceros, horse, reindeer, 

 hyaena, and sometimes mammoth. Eodents and bats are rare. 

 Nehring correlates the upper and middle stages at Westeregeln 

 with the highest stage and the upper part of the middle stage 

 at Thiede — the lowest stage at Westeregeln corresponding to 

 the mammoth-beds of Thiede. He considers, therefore, that the 

 lowermost stage (the lemming-beds) of Thiede has no represent- 

 ative in the Westeregeln series. 



The lower beds at Westeregeln have yielded traces of man, 

 such as flint-flakes, charred wood, and heaps of smashed and 

 crushed bones of various animals. 



It is seldom that so rich a series of organic remains has been 

 obtained from the loss of any one locality. As a rule mamma- 

 lian relics occur only at wide intervals, and they are generally 

 in a very fragmentary condition ; but in the cases so admirably 

 described by Nehring they are most abundant, and many of the 

 skeletons are tolerably perfect, showing that they could not have 

 come from any distance, an inference which is in keeping with 

 the generally unrolled character of the stones, and the state of 

 preservation of the fragments of wood. 



Mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, horse, ox, etc., have 

 been recorded from the loss of many other parts of Central 

 Europe. Prinzinger and Czjzek mention mammoth, woolly 

 rhinoceros, and Cervus dama gigantea as occurring in the loss of 

 Upper and Lower Austria ; Zeuschner has observed a similar 

 fauna (mammoth, rhinoceros, and Bos priscus) in some of the 

 valleys of the North Carpathians; according to Dr. Koemer, 

 mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, Bison priscus, and urus occur in 

 the loss of Silesia ; and Hauer and Stache state that the two 

 pachyderms appear in association with the reindeer and the 

 horse in the loss of Transylvania. The same species, along with 

 ox, characterise, according to Dr. Littel, the loss and lehm of 

 Bavaria, and a similar tale might be told of the equivalent 

 accumulations in many other parts of the Continent. Dr. Sand- 

 berger's catalogue of the mammalian fauna from the loss of 

 Franconia has been given above (see p. 62), and it may be taken 



