1 96 PREHISTORIC E UR OPE. 



bordering on the Baltic have only a small elevation, the ice 

 was enabled to traverse those regions in a direction that has 

 frequently no reference to the present lines of drainage. Thanks 

 to the labours of the older school of Swedish geologists, amongst 

 whom Sefstrom 1 stood conspicuous, and to the later works of 

 Holmstrom, A. Erdmann, Torell, Tornebohm, E. Erdmann, 

 Nathorst, Hummel, Gumaelius, Lindstrom, Hoist, and others, 2 

 we know that the ice flowing from Scandinavia was sufficiently 

 thick to fill up the basin of the Baltic Sea, and to override all 

 the islands — Aland, Gottland, Oland, Bornholm, etc. The 

 investigations of geologists in Finland and Northern Bussia 3 

 have further proved that the Scandinavian mer de glace advanced 

 in force, and flowed south-east across Finland. Forchhammer 

 long ago described the striated rocks of Faxo (Denmark), 4 

 and Johnstrup's 5 observations lead us to conclude that the 

 great Scandinavian ice- sheet crossed from Sweden, and spread 

 its bottom-moraine over Denmark. 



How far south the mer de glace extended into Germany no 

 one until very recently has attempted to prove. So far back as 



1 Konigla Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 1836, p. 141. 



2 Holmstrom, " Jagttagelser ofver Istiden i sodra Sverige," 1866, Lunds 

 Univ. Arsskrift., t. iii. For an excellent resume of Swedish glacial phenomena 

 see Professor A. Erdmann's Expose" des Formations Quaternaries de la Suede, 

 1868. Papers of later date are numerous, see especially Torell, " Undersbk- 

 ningar ofver Istiden," Ofversigt af K. Vet.- Akad., 1872 and later years; also 

 papers by Tornebohm, Erdmann, Nathorst, Hoist, and others, in Geologiska 

 Foreningens i Stockholm Fbrhandlingar, Bd. i. - iv. ; and various memoirs by 

 members of the Swedish Geological Survey (Sveriges Geologiska Undersbkning), 

 — Gumselius, Ofver. af K. Vet. - Akad. Fork., 1871; Nathorst, Ibid., 1873; 

 Hummel, Bihang till K. Svenska Vet. - Akad. Handlingar, 1874 ; Gumselius, 

 Ibid., 1874 and 1876. 



3 Bbhtlingk, Edin. New Phil. Journ. (1841), vol. xxxi. p. 103 ; Nils de 

 Nordenskibld, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Schrammen in Finland, 1863 ; Graf 

 Keyserling, Bull, de VAcad. des Sci. de St. Petersbourg, t. v. p. 505 ; Schmidt, 

 Ibid., t. viii. p. 348 ; Helmersen, Mem. de VAcad. Imp. des Sci. de St. Peters- 

 bourg, 7 Ser., t. xiv., No. 7 ; Comptes Rendus de VAcad. des Sci., t. lxx. p. 51 ; 

 Jernstrbm, "Om Qvartarbildningarna," Bidrag till Kannedom af Finlands 

 Natur och Folk, No. 20. 



4 Oversigt over det Kgl. Danske Vidensk.-Selsk. Forh., 1843, p. 103. 



5 Beretningen om Modet af lite Skandinaviske Naturforskermbde i Kjbben- 

 havn, 1873, p. 69 ; Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges., 1874, p. 533. 



