376 PREHISTORIC E UROPE. 



" long-headed n race, while those by whom the round barrows 

 were raised were bracliyceplialic or "broad-headed." The "long- 

 heads" of Britain were unacquainted with the use of metal, 

 which would appear to have been introduced by their " broad- 

 headed" conquerors, who constructed the round barrows. In 

 Switzerland, however, a knowledge of metals was apparently 

 acquired in a peaceful way by tribes who had formerly used 

 only stone, wood, and horn. Of the relics met with in the more 

 ancient tumuli it is not necessary for me to speak further than 

 simply to say that they are strongly marked off in character 

 and appearance from the rude and simple relics of Palaeolithic 

 times. Eemains of various domesticated animals are frequently 

 encountered in Neolithic burial-places, and hand-made pottery 

 is also occasionally met with. 



It is believed by some that the " long-heads " are represented 

 in Europe at the present day by the Basques of North-western 

 Spain, the swarthy Frenchmen in Aquitaine, and the small dark 

 Welshmen of Denbighshire, and the dark-haired people in the 

 south-west of Ireland. If this be true, then we may believe 

 that the " long-heads " were a short-statured folk, with dark hair 

 and eyes, and a complexion to match. Whence they came can 

 only be conjectured. Some say from Africa, but Professor 

 Dawkins suggests, with what seems greater probability, that 

 they entered Europe from the east, starting "from the central 

 plateau of Asia, from which all the successive invaders of Europe 

 have swarmed off." The " broad-heads," who pushed back and 

 dispossessed the "long-heads," have been identified by Mr. 

 Dawkins with the Celtae, who would thus date back in Britain 

 and France to the close of the Neolithic Age. They held their 

 own in North-western Europe all through the Bronze Age down 

 to the dawn of history, when, according to the same writer, they 

 had to bide the shock of a new folk-wave, that of the Belgae, just 

 as the Belgse in Caesar's time were assailed by the German! 1 



Neolithic man was frequently a cave-dweller, his hearths 



1 For a clear and interesting account of these migrations see Boyd Dawkins's 

 Cave-hunting, p. 220 et seq. ; and Early Man in Britain, chaps, ix.-xii. 



