418 PREHISTORIC EUROPE. 



the Carse-clays of the older level, and re-arranged these in broad 

 flats and terraces which often merge imperceptibly with the 

 beaches of the 25-30-feet level. This is particularly the case 

 in the Carse of Falkirk, and it may be observed also in the 

 Carse of Gowrie. 



The 25-30-feet beach is by far the most persistent and per- 

 fect of all the " ancient sea-margins" of Scotland. It is particu- 

 larly well developed upon the shores of the Firth of Forth, and 

 upon the east coast generally, as at St. Andrews, and between 

 Dundee and Arbroath. Farther north the best-marked raised- 

 beaches occur at lower levels. Upon the south and west coasts, 

 from the Solway as far north at least as the Sound of Jura, the 

 25-30-feet beach is frequently well displayed, especially upon 

 the shores of Wigton and Ayr shires. The 45-50-feet beach is 

 of much less frequent occurrence. In many cases it is evident that 

 the sea of the 25-30-feet level has demolished the older beach, 

 portions of which are found only here and there fringing the 

 inner margin of the later-formed terrace. Examples of this 

 much-denuded beach occur upon the Wigton coast between 

 Port-Counan and Cairndoon ; upon the Ayrshire coast between 

 Girvan and Ayr ; upon the shores of Kerrera Sound ; in Colon- 

 say and Oronsay ; on both coasts of the Firth of Forth, as at 

 Portobello and Kirkcaldy ; at Leuchars, Carnoustie, and other 

 places on the east coast. There are also higher beaches (100-feet 

 terrace), which occur here and there in a more or less denuded 

 condition, but these have already been described as pertaining 

 to the closing period of the true Ice Age. 1 



1 For notices of "raised-beaches" in Scotland, see Proc. Geol. Soc., voL ii. pp. 

 180, 427, 545, 669 ;' [Trans. Geol. Soc., 2d Ser., vol. i. p. 416 ; v. p. 146 ; Quart. Joum. 

 Geol. Soc., vols, i p. 217 ; xi p. 549 ; xii p. 168 ; xviii. pp. 218, 224 ; xxi p. 188 ; 

 xxii p. 277 ; Edin. New Phil. Joum., vol. xxix. p. 94 ; xxxiv. p. 298 ; xxxv. 

 p. 278 ; xli p. 402 ; Ibid., 2d Ser., vol. i. pp. 57, 103 ; Proc. Berwick Field Club, 

 vol. i. p. 152 ; Proc. Xat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, vol. i. p. 127 ; Geol. Mag., voL ii 

 pp. 181, 374 ; iii. pp. 5, 139, 266, 425 ; Proc. Royal Soc. Edin., vol. ii p. 365 ; 

 Phil. Mag., voL xi p. 209 ; Brit. Assoc. Pep., 1854, p. 78 ; 1862, p. 73 ; Trans. 

 Geol. Soc. Glasg., voL ii. p. 30; Memoirs Geol. Surv. Scotland ; Expl. One-inch 

 Map, Sheets 1, p. 9 ; 2, p. 10 ; 3, p. 24 ; 4, p. 23 ; 7, p. 15 ; 9, p. 44 ;] 13, p. 

 7 ; 14, p. 25 ; 22, p. 30 ; 31, p. 52 ; 32, p. 128 ; 33, p. 67 ; 34, p. 54. See 

 also R. Chambers's Ancient Sea Margins, Maclaren's Geology of Edinburgh 



