428 PREHISTORIC EUROPE. 



" Gordoun, who, for his valour and great manhood, was verie 

 intire with King Malcolme-Kean-Moir." Eemains of the red- 

 deer are found in every part of the country, even in many of the 

 outlying islands. It occurs, for example, in the peat of the 

 Orkneys along with human relics. 



Nowhere in Scotland have we any relics of Palaeolithic man, 

 or any trace of the characteristic Pleistocene mammalia, The 

 oldest postglacial deposits in the country have yielded, in more 

 or less abundance, remains of the well-known postglacial fauna, 

 with bones and relics of Neolithic man, but not a vestige of any- 

 thing pertaining to the older archaeological period has ever been 

 discovered. I have already mentioned the occurrence of a dug-out 

 canoe in the buried forest of the Tay, and have referred to the 

 kitchen-middens of the 45-50-beach of the Forth, and to the 

 numerous canoes and other relics of man which have been dug 

 up in the Carse-clays. In addition to these "finds" — all of 

 which occupy definite geological horizons — similar relics have 

 been met with again and again throughout the country, in river 

 and lacustrine alluvia, and in peat-bogs and caves. Some of 

 these are probably of true Neolithic age, that is to say of older 

 date than the advent in Britain of a bronze-using people. But 

 it is certain that the later Stone Age endured in Scotland far on 

 into the Bronze Period of the Continent. There are kitchen- 

 middens and cave-finds, for example, in which all the human 

 relics appear to consist of stone, bone, and horn, but which can 

 yet be shown on geological grounds to be of later date than the 

 true Bronze Period. 



At the time of the 45-50-feet beach of Middle Scotland, 

 Neolithic man lived along the then shores of the Forth, 1 and has 

 left behind him his kitchen-middens, stone implements, bone- 



1 See also for an account of shell-mounds of the same age, discovered at St. 

 Andrews, a paper by Mr. E. Walker, Philosojph. Mag., 1866. Other notices of 

 Scottish kitchen-middens are given by Dr Gordon : Proc. Roy. Phys. Soe. Edin., 

 vol. iii. p. 84 ; W. Laidlay : Geol. Mag., vol. vii. p. 270 ; J. A. Mahony : Proc. 

 Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasg., vol. ii. (1875), p. 24 ; R. Gray: Ibid., p. 64. See also for 

 bone-caves of recent age, A. Bryson : Edin. New Phil. Journ., vol. xlix. p. 253 ; 

 Beattie : Brit. Ass. Pep., 1859, p. 99 ; Geol. Mag., vol. x. p. 432. 



