492 PREHISTORIC EUROPE. 



The mosses in the sandy clay at the bottom have been de- 

 termined by S. A. Tullberg, and are Hypnum giganteum, Sch., and 

 H.fluitans, both of which are still fonnd throughout Sweden from 

 Scania to Finmark, and according to Bergren they extend to 

 Bear Island, Spitzbergen, and Greenland, and are especially 

 common in the last-named region. Associated with these 

 mosses Nathorst found leaves of Salve polaris, S. reticulata, and 

 Dryas octopetala, the Arctic willow being very abundantly re- 

 presented. The shells belonged to freshwater molluscs — Pisidia, 

 and a Limnaza nearly allied to or identical with L. limosa. In 

 the shelly silt the Arctic willow was not so plentiful, the 

 netted-leaved willow taking its place. Other plants met with 

 were a Myriophyllum, Salix herbacea ? and Betula nana. In the 

 upper part of the shelly silt, or between that and the overlying 

 sand and silt, remains of the reindeer have been found. The 

 peat is composed in large measure of water-mosses. Lowest 

 down in it occurs Hypnum giganteum, Sch., and higher up H 

 scorpioides. In the uppermost portion of the peat these are re- 

 placed by a Hypnum which has not yet been specifically deter- 

 mined, but is probably H cuspidatum. With it is associated 

 Paludella squarrosa. These mosses occur throughout all Scan- 

 dinavia, while the Paludella has a decidedly northern range, 

 being very common in Spitzbergen, Bear Island, and Greenland. 

 The range of H. giganteum has already been mentioned, and H 

 scorpioides is, like it, abundant in high Arctic regions. 



Mr. Nathorst has traced the same Arctic flora across Ger- 

 many into Switzerland. 1 Near the railway station of Oerzen- 

 hofs between Neu Brandenburg (in Mecklenburg) and Strassburg 

 (in the Prussian province of Brandenburg), he observed freshwater 

 deposits under the small peat-bogs which occur in that neigh- 

 bourhood. These contained shells, together with Myriophyllum 

 and Potamogeton, and remains of Betula nana and B. alba. He 

 mentions also the occurrence of northern shells in postglacial 

 freshwater clay at Angermunde on the railway between Stettin 

 and Berlin. The species were determined by G. 0. Sars, and 



1 Of vers. afK. Vet.-Akad. Fork., 1873, No. 6. 



