FUNCTION. .163 



orphans. That the heart may act, it must from instant to in- 

 stant be excited by discharges from certain ganglia ; and 

 l.Le discharges from these ganglia are made possible, only by 

 tlio conveyance to them, from instant to instant, of the 

 blood which thr) heart propels. 



It is not eas^,' to find an adequate expression for this double 

 re- distribution of functions. It is not easy to realize a trans- 

 formation throfAgh which the functions thus become in one 

 sense separat'jd and in another sense combined, or even in- 

 terfused, r/ere, how^ever, as before, an analogy drawn from 

 social organization helps us If we observe how the increas- 

 iug division of labour in societies, is accompanied by a closer 

 Co-operation ; and how the agencies of different social actions, 

 w^hile becoming in one respect more distinct, become in an- 

 other respect more minutely ramified through each other ; 

 we shall understand better the increasing physiological co- 

 operation that accompanies increasing physiological division 

 of labour. Note, for example, that while local 



divisions and classes of the community have been grow- 

 ing unlike in their several occupations, the carrying on of 

 their several occupations has been growing dependent on 

 \he due activity of that vast organization b) which sus- 

 tenance is collected and diffused. During the early stages 

 of social development, every small group of people, and often 

 every family, obtained separately its own necessaries ; but 

 now, for each necessary, and for each superfluity, there ex- 

 ists a combined body of wholesale and retail distributors, 

 which brings its branched channels of supply within reach 

 of all. AVhile each citizen is pursuing a business that does not 

 immediately aim at the satisfaction of his personal wants, his 

 personal wants are satisfied by a general agency that brings 

 from all places commodities for him and his fellow^- citizens 

 — an agency which could not cease its special duties for a few 

 days, without bringing to an end his own special duties and 

 those of most others. Consider, again, how each 



of these differentiated functions is everywhere pervaded by 



