К 
In Germany the Blackbird is a resident, but in Fastern Prussia it is not at all common, 
according to Mr. Hartert (Ibis, 1892, p. 358). In Poland, Taczanowski records it as a common bird ; 
but in Russia it does not extend far north, and is unknown in the vicinity of St. Petersburg (Sclater, 
Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, vii. p. xviii). 
The Blackbird is found all over France, and in Spain it is, according to Mr. Howard Saunders, 
an abundant resident. Colonel Irby (Orn. Gibr. p. 35) says that it is very common in Andalucia, 
and nests near Gibraltar, its numbers being largely increased in winter by the arrival of migrants. 
In Portugal it is also abundant (Tait, Ibis, 1887, p. 85). In the Pyrenees it is resident, according 
to Mr. Howard Saunders, but its numbers are greatly augmented during the migration season 
(Ibis, 1884, p. 969) Colonel Irby found it plentiful near Santander (Ibis, 1883, p. 180), and 
Mr. H. M. Wallis states that in the Central Pyrenees he noticed it at Eaux-Bonnes, and as far 
up the Gave-de-Pau as St. Sauveur; at Argelés it was nesting (Ibis, 1895, p. 64). Mr. Eagle Clarke 
says that he did not observe it within the Delta of the Rhone, where it was apparently an 
uncommon bird, but he noticed a single pair near the east bank of the Grand Rhóne (Ibis, 1895, 
p. 187). 
Throughout Switzerland the Blackbird is common, and it is resident in Italy, where its numbers 
are increased by the influx of migrants. Неге a form occurs with a remarkable rufous female, the 
Merula montana of Savi, which, according to Count Salvadori, is not uncommon in the Maremma of 
Tuscany. Mr. John Whitehead (Ibis, 1885, p. 97) says that it is very common in Corsica during 
the winter, a few remaining to breed. He found nests with the full complement of eggs after the 
middle of May. 
In Austria and Hungary it is a resident species (Frivaldsky, Av. Hung. p. 50), as also in 
Bosnia (Reiser, Vogels. Mus. Sarajevo, p. 65) and Croatia (Brusina, Мой. р. 48). Mr. Reiser (Orn. 
Bale. ii. p. 49) says that it is found all over Bulgaria and nests, but it is more plentiful in some 
districts than others, and numbers are occasionally noticed during the autumn migration. In 
Montenegro it is also universally distributed, but in summer it affects the more alpine districts, 
along with Merula alpestris (Reiser and Führer, Orn. Bale. iv. p. 54). 
The Blackbird is resident in Greece, according to Lindermayer. Lord Lilford found a few 
breeding in Epirus, but it was not very plentiful there, In Southern Russia Von Nordmann states 
that it is sedentary and breeds, and Pallas records it as common in the Crimea. It is a summer 
visitor to the Government of Kharkow, according to Prof. Somow (Faun. Orn. Kharkow, p. 157), 
being a migrant in spring and autumn, and occasionally remaining in the winter. Specimens from 
Voronesch are in the Seebohm Collection, received from Prof. Menzbier. These examples show a 
certain similarity to M. intermedia of Central Asia. 
According to Sabanaeff the common Blackbird does not extend its range to the east of the Ural 
Mountains, and in Astrakhan Mr. Henke says that it is principally seen on migration and is found 
very rarely in the winter season (Seebohm, Ibis, 1882, p. 215). In the Caucasus the species is 
resident, and ranges as high as 7000 feet, as stated by Dr. Radde (Orn. Cauc. pp. 35, 272), who has 
specimens from Tiflis, Lenkoran, and Borohom. In Persia Dr. W. T. Blanford states that he found 
the species common in Mazandarán and Ghilán, and it was breeding in the better wooded valleys 
round Shiraz (East. Persia, ii. p. 157). Mr. W. D. Cumming has also met with it near Fao in January 
(Sharpe, Ibis, 1891, p. 109). At Trebizond Messrs. Dickson and Ross record this species as common 
in winter, and Mr. C. G. Danford procured a specimen at Zebil Taurus, in Asia Minor, on the 2nd of 
February, 1876. То Cyprus the Blackbird is a winter visitant (Lilford, Ibis, 1889, p. 314). 
In Palestine it breeds, according to Canon Tristram ; and a female bird procured by him, and 
now in the British Museum, is of grey plumage and resembles the hen of M. intermedia. Another 
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