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must also be M. alpestris which is the resident species іп the Pyrenees and in the Sierra Nevada of 
Southern Spain, whence Mr. Howard Saunders has received the nest and eggs, though M. torquata 
is also a migrant through France aud Spain. Seebohm believed that the latter species was the 
resident bird of the Vosges, whence the only specimen in the British Museum certainly belongs to 
М. torquata. 
Mr. Howard Saunders (Ibis, 1891, p. 162) observes :— It was fairly plentiful in the Jura, 
where some nests were still being built on the 23rd of May, when a few already contained young 
birds, and I saw a brood on the wing by June 2nd. Тһе nest is placed on the branch of a 
spruce— generally one which is thickly hung with moss and lichen—and near the stem; seldom as 
low down as 15 feet, while often 40 feet or more from the ground—very different from the lowly 
positions affected by the Ring-Ouzel in the British Islands. Тһе adult male attracts attention by 
sitting on the top of a tall fir and uttering vigorously his scolding Фей, tett, tett. The bill in this 
mountain race is decidedly yellower than in average British examples, but much paler than the orange. 
colour of the Blackbird. In autumn the Ring-Ouzel may be seen on the rowan-trees, and among the 
vineyards by the lakes, until the end of October." | 
Mr. H. M. Wallis says that he met with Ring-Ouzels at the edge of the timber-line above 
Gavarnie in the Central Pyrenees, and he saw young birds on the wing by June 16 (Ibis, 
1895, p. 64). An excellent article on the range of M. alpestris was published by Count 
Salvadori in 1893 (Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, viii. no. 152, May), from which we learn that it breeds 
in the mountains of Italy and migrates to some degree іп autumn, when М. torquata. is also found 
inhabiting the same areas. Count Salvadori's article, as translated by Mr. Dresser, states that this 
Ring-Ouzel “is found in Italy on the mountains during the breeding-season, and partly migrates in 
autumn, at which season it is found on the plains together with Merula torquata, which arrives then 
from the north. It is probable that to this species must be referred the specimens which during 
migration occur even in Sicily, and especially on the island of Ustica (Doderlein). It appears that 
Merula alpestris breeds throughout the chain of the Alps. In Piedmont it nests most certainly in 
the Orsera Valley above Viü, whence came some young birds which I saw in Viü in August 
1877: also I met with young birds in August at Monbarone, above the Serra d'Ivrea. Early in 
September I have seen them in the Valley of Graine (Valle di Challand o d'Ayas) and in 
the Valle della Cinischia near Mont Cenis, and no doubt to this species must be referred the birds 
which Abre (fide Giglioli) says breed in the mountains of the province of Cuneo, and which Bazzetta, 
Guarinoni, Bernascone, and Galli Valerio say nest at Ossola, the Valsesia, and the Valtellina, as also 
those which, according to Bettoni, breed in various localities in the Alps of Lombardy, and which are 
resident and breed in the Alps of the Tyrol, Venetia, and Friuli (Bonomi, Ninni, Pellegrini, Molari, 
Fissi, Delaito, Vallon). Moreover, the Alpine Ring-Ouzel is resident and breeds also in the 
Apennines, at least in Tuscany. Savi says that some pairs remain to breed, and makes mention of 
one which he found in Mugello in August 1822, at which place Mr. Roster obtained a pair in June 
1879 (Giglioli), and Fiorini states that it is resident on the mountains of Casentino (01712010). It 
appears that it also breeds on the mountains of Modena, as was stated to Doderlein, and it is not 
improbable that such is the case. In conclusion, we have the Alpine Ring-Ouzel in Italy breeding 
on the mountains and partially migratory, and we have the Northern M. torquata not breeding here, 
but wintering, arriving in the autumn and remaining till the end of March." 
Count Arrigoni degli Oddi writes to me:—* M. alpestris is à common and resident species in 
the mountains of Piedmont, Lombardy, and Venetia, where it breeds regularly, descending to the 
lower districts in the winter, but it is always rare in the plains. It has also been observed breeding 
in the. Apennines, but not commonly, and towards the south it becomes less and less frequent." 
In the mountains of Bulgaria Prof. Otto Reiser has found the species nesting, and it is also 
