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the west side of Norway it is found commonly on the sea-coast and up northwards to the 
Russian frontier. My own experience during two seasons spent in the Sundal and Groedal valleys 
in Sundalen is that the altitude at which the Red-wing breeds varies according to the nature of 
the season. Thus, in the late season of 1896, when the snow remained long, the Red-wing nested 
in the pine-woods of the lower valleys, while none were to be seen in the birch-forests of the 
upper fjelds; whereas in 1897, when the season was early, a number of nests were to be found in 
the latter region. 
“In Russian Lapland,” writes Pleske, 
Red-wing is a very common object, but seems to have a 
a bird of the sub-alpine districts, and is only found in such localities at the sea 
certain height. 
« Middendorff found the species common up to 681^ N. lat. in Russian Lapland, Malm in the 
Kola district, and Lilljeborg at Schuretzkaja on the frozen sea. 1 found them to be pretty common 
at Musselga station and in the neighbourhood of Kola. In the southern part of the district, Lagus 
observed the species in Kunsamo, Newton in Torneä-Lappmark, and Von Wright during his Lapland 
journey on Aavasaksa, at Tengelió, and near Alkkula. At Muonioniska it is supposed to breed 
plentifully in the forest region, according to Palmén,—arriving about the 8th of June and breeding 
in the same month. At Karesuando, Von Wright has seen the Red-wing, and Grape at Utsjoki; and 
Malm states that single examples have been observed in Enare as early as the 10th of May. Та Fast 
Finmark the species has been found very plentifully by Leem, Collett, and other observers; and 
Sommerveldt states that throughout the country the Red-wing is common in spring, summer, and 
autumn; while Collett noticed these birds in large numbers between the Porsanger Fjord and the 
in his work on the Fauna of the Kola Peninsula, “ Ше 
somewhat local distribution. It is decidedly 
-level or up to a 
Russian frontier.” 
In Sweden it is only found in the high north during the summer, according to Nilsson, but it is 
said to have nested on Gottland twice, as recorded by Pastor Holtz. 
Near Archangel, Henke states that the Red-wing isa common summer visitor (Seebohm, Ibis, 
1577, p. 876), and it doubtless breeds in many districts of Northern Russia, and, according to 
Sabanaeff, throughout the province of Perm. Taczanowski informed Mr. Dresser that it probably 
nests in the Government of Su-waki in Northern Poland, as it undoubtedly does in Eastern 
Prussia in the neighbourhood of Memel. Mr. Hartert (Ibis, 1892, p. 358) writes :—' The northern- 
most part of East Prussia, near the fortress of Memel, is perhaps the only place in Germany where 
this Thrush used to breed regularly ; and there is every reason to believe that it does so at the present 
time. About fourteen years ago it was not very rare there, and several nests and eggs were obtained, 
the latter being now almost all in the late E. von Homeyer's collection and in my own. Ina few cases 
it has been found breeding in Germany out of East Prussia, but these are probably exceptions. It 
passes through in enormous numbers, chiefly in October and in the first half of April, but is not 
seen in winter" Dr. Reichenow (Syst. Verz. Vóg. Deutschl. p. 4) states that it has been found 
nesting in the Allgáuer Alps in Bavaria; and Pássler is the authority for the nesting of the species 
in Anhalt, as Count Casimir Wodzicki is for the same in Galicia (cf. Dresser's ‘Birds of Europe, 
ii. p. 39). 
On the Petchora River, in North-eastern Russia, Seebohm and Harvie-Brown found the Red-wing 
as far north as 68° N. lat. “Іп the valley of the Yenesei,” writes Seebohm, “ it reached the Arctic 
Circle on the 5th of June, a few days before the Fieldfare, and soon began to breed in the willows 
and birches, generally nearer to the ground than the Fieldfare did. In 717 N. lat., beyond the 
limit of forest-growth, it was still common, but breeding on the ground. I took several of its nests 
on the sloping banks of the tundra, a little further north than any of the five other species of 
Thrushes which I found in the same valley. I never found it breeding in colonies ; but sometimes, 
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