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іп ап unusually swampy part of the forest, where the pines were small and stunted, several nests 
would occur at comparatively short distances from each other. In Lapland, as well as in Russia and 
Siberia, І found the Red-wing commonest where the trees were small, and where open swampy ground 
separated the forest into plantations. The richness of the foliage in these localities and the brilliance 
and profusion of the wild flowers reminded me of an English garden run wild; and the presence of 
the Red-wing and other song-birds assisted in the reminiscence, and added greatly to the charm." 
Mr. H. L. Popham says that he “found the present species very numerous in the forests of the 
Yenesei, often nesting among the large colonies of Fieldfares, but nearly always at a lower 
elevation than the latter birds." 
To the eastward of the Yenesei valley the Red-wing is scarcely known to occur. "Taczanowski 
(Faune Orn. Sibir. Orient. p. 314) states that Middendorff procured a single example in the environs 
of Irkoutsk, the Warsaw Museum possesses a pair from Oussolje, and Radde killed a pair in the 
valley of Koultouk on the 14th of November, 1855. It has not been seen in Kamtschatka nor in 
China or Mongolia, and therefore the statement indulged in by some authors, that the range of the 
Red-wing reaches from the Atlantic to the Pacific, seems to rest, up to the present time, on somewhat 
slender foundation. Seebohm, indeed, has corrected his statement that the “ principal breeding- 
range of the Red-wing is at or near the Arctic Circle throughout the Palearctic Region" (Hist. Brit. 
B. i. p. 220), by afterwards recording it as a West Eurasian species, which does not extend beyond 
110° E. long. (Address Yorkshire Nat. Union, p. 17, 1893). 
Przewalski only once met with the species at Gaos in Western Zaidam, at the end of October 
1884 (Pleske, Wissensch. Result. Przew. Central-Asien Reisen, Zool. ii. p. 6, 1889). 
To the British Islands and to the greater part of Europe the Red-wing is principally known as a 
winter visitor, though Schlegel believed that it had bred occasionally in Groningen and Noord 
Holland (cf. Blaauw, Notes Leyden Mus. xv. p. 188), and it has also been said to nest in Great 
Britain. Its range extends to Algeria in winter, and it is recorded as having occurred in the 
Canary Islands. То the countries east of the Mediterranean it is a rare visitor, and has not been 
noticed in Palestine or Egypt, but is recorded as a somewhat sparse migrant in winter to Persia and 
Turkestan. Jerdon states that the Red-wing has been found, though very rarely, in the North-west 
Himalayas, and, on the authority of Lieut. Trotter, Blyth has recorded the species as a regular winter 
visitant to Kohat, where it occurs in large numbers. Хо specimen, however, has been procured by 
any naturalist in recent times, and not a single example is in the Hume Collection, so that the 
occurrence of the species in N.W. India must be received with caution. 
The following account of the species is taken from Seebohm's ‘ History of British Birds’ :— 
“Тһе winter haunt of the Red-wing is, as a rule, the most cultivated parts of the country—well- 
wooded parks, pleasure-grounds, and shrubberies, and the adjoining pasture-lands. When once 
these birds arrive in a certain district, they usually remain there throughout the time of their sojourn 
in this country—roosting in one certain favourite place, feeding on certain pastures, and, in fact, as 
regular in their habits and movements as the Rooks themselves. "Гһе favourite haunt of the Red-wing is 
a sheltered valley down which a little brooklet runs, with trees scattered here and there, and tall hedge- 
rows of thorn and hazel. They are very partial to small parks thickly timbered and studded with clumps 
of white-thorn trees, with here and there a cluster of hollies or a dense shrubbery, whither they repair at 
nightfall to roost. They prefer districts where the evergreens are dense and plentiful—laurels, yews, 
and hollies a century old or more, and the intervening space between them taken up by thick under- 
wood and forest trees, and where huge sycamores, elms and beeches, oaks and horse-chestnut form a 
regular labyrinth of arboreal seclusion. They feed on the lands adjoining, pasture and turnip-fields, 
stubbles and meadows, with here and there a ‘summer fallow.’ In a district like this, from 
October to April, the Red-wing is a common bird. In the daytime they frequent the pastures ; and 
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