TURDUS USTULATUS, Nutt. 
RUSSET-BACKED THRUSH. 
Turdus ustulatus, Nutt. Man. (2nd ed.) i. p. vi (1840); Salvin & Godman, Biol, Centr-Amer., 
Aves, i. p. 10 (1879); Seebohm, Cat. B. Brit. Mus. v. p. 203 (1881). 
Turdus swainsonii, var. ustulatus, Coues, Key N. Amer, B. p. 73 (1872); Baird, Brewer, & 
Ridgw. Hist. North Amer. B. i. p. 16 (1874). 
Turdus swainsoni, c. ustulatus, Coues, B. North-West, p. 4 (1874); id. B. Color. Vall, p. 35 
(1878). 
Hylocichla ustulata, Ridgway, Proc, U.S. Nat. Mus. iii. p. 166 (1880), iv. p. 207 (1881), p. 375 
(1882). 
Turdus swainsoni (nec Cab,), Salvin & Godman, Ibis, 1880, p. 115. 
T. minor: annulo ophthalmico pallido valdé indicato; suprà rufescenti-brunneus : plagá albidá ad basin internam 
primariorum latá et valdé conspicuá. 
Tuis is a western species, with a more restricted range than its near ally, T. swainsoni. 
Mr. Ridgway gives its range as the Pacific coast of North America, north to Sitka. It has not been 
found in any part of Alaska, where its ally, 7. swainsoni, takes its place; but it is very common in 
British Columbia in the coast-region, and breeds, according to Mr. F. M. Chapman (Bull. Amer. 
Mus. N. H. p. 154). Specimens from Fort Rupert in Vancouver Island and from Hidalgo Bay 
collected by Dr. Lyall are in the British Museum. 
It is a summer resident in Washington Territory according to Mr. Lawrence (Auk, ix. p. 47), 
and also in Oregon according to Mr. Anthony (Auk, iii. p. 172). Пт. Merrill noticed it breeding 
near Fort Klamath (Auk, v. p. 365). On the Columbia River Dr. Cooper states that it arrives about 
the 1st of May and leaves in September, nesting from June 15th to July 18th (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
ii. p. 245). Тһе last-named naturalist (2. c.) records the species from many districts in California. 
He found it nesting at Santa Cruz (lat. 37°) in Мау, and at Heywood (lat. 37° 40!) in May and 
June. Не believes that only one brood is reared in California. Mr. Brewster has recorded the 
occurrence of 7. ustulatus in the Santa Rita Mountains in Arizona on the 17th of May (Bull. Nutt. 
Orn. Club, vii. p. 68). 
The lines of migration of the species are marked by specimens in the Salvin-Godman Collection 
from the following localities :—Ysleta, Sonora, Мау 16, 1888 (W. Lloyd) ; Beltran, Jalisco, April 29, 
1889 (ТУ. Lloyd); Rio Papagaio, Guerrero, Oct. 1888 (Mrs. H. H. Smith); Puebla, Oct. 2, 1888 
(W. B. Richardson); Misantla, Vera Cruz, Dec. 1889 (М. Trujillo); Eureka, Volcan de Тасапа, 
Chiapas, 5000 feet, Feb. 20 (W. В. Richardson); Tuxtla, Chiapas, March 10-19 (W. В. Richardson); 
Union Juarez, Chiapas, 4000 feet, March 29 (W. B. Richardson); Huehuetan, Chiapas, April 9 
(W. B. Richardson). Grayson met with it in the Tres Marias Islands, where it was abundant in the 
woods in January (Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. xiv. p. 276); but Messrs. Salvin and Godman think that the 
specimens recorded by Dr. Sclater from Orizaba (Botteri) and by Mr. Lawrence from Tehuantepec 
(Sumichrast) were in all probability T. ustulatus and not T. swainsoni (Biol. Centr.-Amer., Aves, i. 
р 12) They observe :--“ In Guatemala we found it very common at Coban in Vera Paz during the 
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