TURDUS SWAINSONI, Cabanis. 
OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH. 
Brown Thrush, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 337 (1785). 
Little Thrush, Penn. Arctic Zool. ii. p. 338 (1785). 
Turdus minor, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 809 (1788). 
Turdus fuscus (nec Müll.), Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 817 (1788). 
Turdus solitarius (nec Müll), Wilson, Amer. Ого. v. pl. xliii. fig. 2 (1812). 
Merula wilsonii (nec Bp.), Swains. & Richards. Faun. Bor.-Amer., Birds, p. 182 (1881). 
Merula olivacea (nec Linn.), Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i. p. 191 (1844). 
Turdus olivaceus, Giraud, B. Long Isl. p. 92 (1844). 
Turdus swainsoni, Cab. in Tschudi's Faun. Peruan. p. 188 (1846); Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. 
Mus. v. p. 201 (1881). 
Turdus minimus, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1848, р. 5. 
Turdus (Hylocichla) swainsoni, Coues, B. Color. Vall. p. 35 (1878). 
Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 207 (1881). 
Hylocichla swainsoni, Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. iv. p. 975 (1882). 
Turdus ustulatus swainsoni, Coues, Check-list N. Amer. B. p. 24 (1882). 
T. similis 7. ustulate et annulo periophthalmico distinctissimo insignis: notzo tamen, alis caudáque, sordidé 
olivaceis : hypochondriis griseis vel sordidé brunnescentibus : plagá pallidá ad basin primariorum conspicuá : 
axillaribus claré fulvescentibus. 
Tuis is only a dark-coloured race of 7 ustulatus, the back being dusky olive-brown, with the tail 
of the same colour as the back; the flanks are brown or grey with an admixture of brown or 
rufous, and they are always dusky in tint; the light space at the base of the quills is large and 
Geocichline in character, and the axillaries have a good deal of buff on them. 
The present species is much more widely distributed than its western ally, Т. ustulatus, and 
Mr. Ridgway, in his latest ‘Manual, gives the range of 7. swainsoni as follows :—Fastern North 
America, but west to and including the Rocky Mountains (as far as the East Humboldt Mountains 
and the Upper Columbia), breeding chiefly north of the United States, wintering from the 
Gulf States and Mississippi Valley south to Cuba, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, and Peru. 
The Olive-backed Thrush has been noted from Fort Yukon in Alaska by Mr. Turner, who 
obtained a single specimen (Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, p. 183). Again, Mr. Townsend records 
the species from Northern Alaska on the 6th of June, 1886. Не considers the bird to be probably a 
migrant, but draws attention to the lateness of the date (Auk, iv. p. 11). 
Mr. E. W. Nelson, on the other hand, says that * from the observations and collections 
made on the Upper Yukon, the Olive-backed Thrush appears to be a common summer resident 
there, and thus extends its breeding-range within the Arctic Circle. It appears to be influenced 
to a great extent in its range by the presence or absence of woods, and its northern limit may 
be marked as coinciding with the tree-limit.  Zurdus alicia, on the contrary, extends beyond 
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