TURDUS PILARIS, Linn. 
FIELDFARE, 
La Litorne ou Tourdelle, Briss. Orn. ii. p. 214 (1760). 
T'urdus pilaris, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 291 (1766); Gould, B. Gt. Br. ii. pl. xxxv. (1864); 
Sharpe & Dresser, B. Eur. ii. р. 41, pls. іх., x. (1871); Newton, 4th ed. Yarrell’s Brit. В. i. 
р. 272 (1872); Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. v. p. 205 (1881). 
La Litorne, Montb. Hist. Nat. Ois. iii. р- 801 (1775) 
Alauda calandrotte, P. L. S. Müll. Syst. Nat. Suppl. p. 197 (1776). 
Fieldfare, Lath. Gen. Syn. іі. pt. 1, p. 24 (1783). 
Sylvia pilaris, Savi, Orn. Tosc. i. p. 209 (1827). 
Arceuthornis pilaris, Kaup, Natürl. Syst. p. 93 (1829). 
Turdus subpilaris, Brehm, Уба. Deutschl. p. 384 (1831). 
Turdus juniperorum, Brehm, Vóg. Deutschl. p. 383 (1831). 
Merula pilaris, Selby, Brit. Orn. i. p. 161 (1833); Ridgw. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, iii p. 224 
(1880). 
Turdus fuscilateralis, Brehm, Naumannia, 1855, p. 281. 
Planesticus pilaris, Jerd. B. Ind. i. p. 530 (1862). 
T. gutture, pectore et corporis lateribus conspicué nigro maculatis: caudá nigra: axillaribus conspicué albis. 
THE FIELDFARE is one of the finest Thrushes in the world, and is a bird of the Palearctic Region. 
Writing in 1881, Seebohm gives its range as follows :—“ Breeds in the birch- and pine-forests 
of the Palearctic Region, from the Atlantic to the valley of the Yenesei, occasionally extending its 
range northwards beyond the limit of forest-growth, and frequenting also, in large colonies, the 
birch-regions of north temperate Europe. It winters in the British Isles and Southern Europe, 
occurring very rarely in the Spanish peninsula, but crossing the Mediterranean to Marocco, Algeria, 
Egypt, and Nubia. In Asia it winters in Turkestan, Cashmere, and N.W. India.” During the 
sixteen years that. have elapsed since the above was written, a considerable increase in our 
knowledge of the range of the Fieldfare has taken place, as will be seen in the summary given 
below. 
Unlike the Redwing, which nests in Iceland, the present species is only a rare visitor to that 
country, and for many years its occurrence there was doubted by Palearctic ornithologists ; but 
Mr. H. Benedick Gréndal states that one was obtained alive, though in an exhausted condition, near 
Reykjavik, on the 6th of December, 1885. It has not been seen in Spitsbergen, but was noticed 
on Jan Mayen by Dr. Fischer. То the Feeroes it is an occasional visitor. In Scandinavia it is 
everywhere found, and is said by Nilsson to occur in Sweden in summer from the pine-woods of 
Smáland and Blekinge into the Arctic regions, being more common in the north. Sundevall.says 
that it is the commonest Thrush in Sweden, but does not extend quite to Hammerfest, nor does it 
breed so far south as Skåne. In Norway it breeds everywhere, according to Professor Collett, in 
the interior of the eastern portion in rather elevated districts and in the birch-region of the fjelds. 
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