202 
Along the west coast it is found right up to the Russian frontier in very large numbers. It is 
described by Pleske (Uebers. Säug. u. Vögel Kola-Halbinsel, p. 86) as being by no means rare in 
Russian Lapland. During his journey with W. W. Lawrow, he noticed the species first at 
Kandalakscha, on the Wolostnaja tundra, near the borders of the sub-alpine and alpine regions. In 
the central portion of the Kola Peninsula, von Middendorff reports it as common up to 684° N. lat, 
Pleske himself found it at Rasnawolok on the 28th of July, 1880, with the young birds still not 
full-fledged, and again at Masselga station un-fledged young were noticed on the 3rd of August. 
'The Fieldfare is very common in Kola Lappmark, according to Malm, and Bohtlingk noticed it on 
the small peninsula between the mainland and the Rybatschij Poluostrow (Fischer Peninsula), and 
Lilljeborg on the Murman coast at Schuretzkaja. Іп Torneá-Lappmark, von Wright states that the 
Fieldfare is somewhat more plentiful than the Mistle-Thrush in those parts of the country he visited, 
According to Palmén it is very common about Muonioniska, appearing in the parish of Muonio 
on the 4th of June. Wolley found it breeding in many places in Torneä-Lappmark and West 
Bothnia, some account of the nests being given in Dresser's * Birds of Europe; from the traveller’s 
original notes lent by Professor Newton. Von Wright has noticed the species at Karesuando, Lagus 
at Kuusamo, Grape at Enontekis, and according to Malm it is very common at Enare, Utsjoki, and 
on the shores of the Frozen Sea ; he noticed its arrival in the Enare district on the 12th of May. In 
East Finmark, Schrader and Sommerfeldt both report the Fieldfare as very common in summer, 
but disappearing in winter. All observers agree that the species is found throughout the 
pine- and birch-regions up to the level of the eternal snow. It does not breed plentifully 
at the latter level, but does so in considerable numbers in the birch 
(Pleske, 1. c.). 
То Archangel the Fieldfare is a very common summer visitor, according to Henke (Seebohm, 
Ibis, 1882, p. 276), and it seems to be found plentifully in Northern Russia during the breeding- 
“ Ав you go further north the colonies become smaller; and as the 
the Fieldfare can scarcely be called a 
-regions and pasture-lands 
season. Seebohm observes :— 
limit of forest-growth is approached beyond the Arctic Circle, 
gregarious bird. On the tundra, in the absence of birch trees or larches, it breeds on the ground, 
choosing a niche under the turf on the edge of a cliff, exactly as the Ring-Ouzel so frequently 
does. In the valley of the Petchora we did not see the Fieldfare north of 68°; it arrived on the 
l7th of May" (Hist. Brit. B. i.p. 229). It nests near St. Petersburg, and Dr. Bianchi states that 
he found it breeding plentifully near Utschaki in the Province of Novgorod (Biol. Nat. Uschaki, 
p. 16). In Dresser's ‘ Birds of Europe' are the following notes :—“ Professor Kessler says that 
it arrives іп Podolia, Volhynia, and Kief in large numbers in October and November, and again in 
March and April. ‘As far as I know, none winter with us at Kief, but a few remain during the 
summer. According to Professor Bogdanoff, it is very common in the Governments of Simbirsk 
It arrives at Kazan about the same time as the Mistle-Thrush, at the end of March or 
It nests on the edge of the forests, in bushes and near groves of non-evergreen 
as far as Samarskaia Lake. 
and Kazan. 
early in April. 
and conifer trees, as also in the woods of the valley of the Volga, 
Often several pairs inhabit a grove, building their nests a short distance from each other. They 
leave later than the other Thrushes, about the latter half of October (old style), and even stay 
till the early part of November, when the ground is covered with snow, should the mountain-ash 
berries be plentiful ” (B. Eur. ii. p. 30). 
It has not been found nesting in Uman by Goebel. In Poland, Taczanowski says that the 
‘Fieldfare is very common and nests there. 
In the early part of the century the species was found breeding in Livonia and E 
and in Eastern Prussia Mr. Hartert says that it nests both singly and in colonies 
He also tells me (in epist.) that he has found it breeding in the county o 
sthonia, 
f Glatz in Silesia. 
(Ibis, 1892, p. 358). 
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