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behind the migration in the same latitude farther east is clearly shown by the record of the Robin. 
At Ellis, Kans. (lat. 88° 55), the first arrived March 21, but in Illinois it reached that latitude six 
weeks earlier. At Menoken, Dak. (lat. 46” 58), it did not arrive until April 29, while at Frazee 
City, Minn. (lat. 46° 52), the high, bleak situation answers to a western position, and the Robins 
did not come until April 21. 
“The bulk of the species travelled much behind these advance guards in the lower part of the 
course, but, moving faster than the scouts, by the time it reached the end of the march, was but a few 
days in the rear. The bulk reached latitude 39? between March 12 and 17; then moved to latitude 
43° March 23 and 24; to latitude 45° 30' by March 27 and 28; to latitude 47° April 5, and to 
Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, April 20. From the few scattering notes on the subject, we may 
guess that the bulk left latitude 35° March 7, latitude 37° March 25, latitude 39° March 31, and 
latitude 41° April 10. By the middle of April, in all the country south of latitude 43°, all Robins 
had left those places where they did not intend to breed, and at the other places had settled down to 
summer numbers. This is true not only of the Robins, but also of all those species whose records 
are sufficiently voluminous to afford a fair guide to their movements. This overtaking of the van by 
the rear may be explained in either of two ways, and it is probable that both causes have some effect. 
Тһе individuals forming the van always consist of old birds, and these arriving at the place where 
they nested the previous year stop to breed, leaving the advance to be made by those behind, giving 
the main body a chance to come close to the van ; and, secondly, while the van is being constantly 
retarded by storms and cold, the rear travels in more settled weather and would naturally move 
faster. 
* In the fall of 1884 the bulk of Robins left Elk River, Minn., September 27, and the last was 
seen there November 7. At Hastings, Minn., none were seen after September 29. At Des Moines, 
Iowa, the bulk was recorded as leaving October 25, and at Mount Carmel, Mo., October 15. As 
already noted, many straggling Robins remain during the winter in sheltered localities much farther 
north than the regular winter home of the species. At Manhattan, Kans., during the winter of 
1884-85, they were as abundant as usual, while a few were noted at various points for the next 
200 miles southward. А single bird was seen at Morning Sun, Iowa, February 6. Опе remained at 
Newton, Iowa, all winter; at La Porte City, Iowa, they were common all winter, and even as 
far north as Hastings, Minn., 400 miles beyond its ordinary winter range, two birds were seen 
February 27. "Гһеве may have been migrants a month ahead of their fellows (the next individuals 
of which were seen April 1), but it is more probable that they had wintered in that vicinity, as the 
neighboring bluffs along the Mississippi River furnish numerous well-sheltered spots, suitable for 
winter quarters. Mr. Alexander Scougal, of Sioux City, Iowa, sent the following interesting note :— 
‘Among our winter birds there is one in particular which I wish to mention. It is the male 
Robin. Hardly a person will believe that there is а Robin in the State during the winter; but on 
December 23, 1883, I shot a male Robin but took no particular notice of it except to skin it. 
Last December (1884), during the holidays, I took my gun and started for a dense thicket, almost 
impenetrable by man or dog. There I saw a number of Robins, and shot three. One of them was 
wing-tipped and when caught began to call, and immediately there were thirty-four Robins sitting 
around me, making noise enough to deafen one. I held the one in my hand for a long time so 1 
could look at the rest; all of them were male birds, not a female could be seen. І found a house in 
the woods and asked the man about them. He informed me that they had been there all the winter, 
but he was not able to distinguish males from females. I cannot say positively that the female does 
not stay here in the winter, but I never have seen one nor heard of any here during that season ; so I 
think it must be rarely if ever seen. Тһе day I saw the birds was December 27, and the temperature 
was 29" below zero. Again, January 2, 1885, I was there and saw the Robins a second time; 16 was 
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