"Winton — Anatomy of the Fruit of Cocos nucifera. 277 



nearly all the ground tissue and about half of the vascular ele- 

 ments remaining on the inner surface of the shell. 



(b) Inner testa. Firmly attached to the endosperm are from 

 ten to twenty layers of small isodiametric or slightly elongated 

 cells. The double walls are about *003 mm thick and free from 

 pores. These cells contain a material varying in color from 

 light yellow to dark brown, which either fills them completely 

 or occurs in globules, films, etc., as in some of the cells of the 

 outer tests. In the layer adjoining the endosperm the cells 

 are smaller and have darker brown contents than the cells in 

 the other layers. 



5. Endosperm. 



Although the microscopic character of the endosperm has 

 been fully explained by Harz, Hanausek and Moeller, a brief 

 description is here given to accompany the descriptions of the 

 other parts of the fruit. 



In the outer layers the prismatic cells are nearly isodiametric 

 (about -05 mm in diameter), but further inward they are radially 

 elongated, often reaching a length of *3 mni . Cell partitions are 

 about -003 mm thick, without pores. 



The cells contain bundles of needle-shaped fat crystals and 

 lumps of proteid matter, each lump containing, as a rule, a 

 crystalloid. Ether and alcohol readily dissolve the fat crystals 

 and strong potassium hydrate solution saponifies them. The 

 proteid bodies give the usual color reactions with iodine, 

 Millon's reagent and dyes. 



III. The Detection of Powdered Cocoanut Shells in 

 Ground Spices. 

 The adulteration of ground spices with powdered cocoanut 

 shells was brought to notice in 1885 by W. H. Ellis,* public 

 analyst, Toronto, Canada, and has since been frequently 

 detected by A. McGill f of Ottawa and food analysts in differ- 

 ent parts of the United States. 



The extent to which this fraud is practiced is indicated by 

 the following summary of results obtained by the writer during 

 the years 1896-7 in the examination of samples collected in 

 the State of Connecticut. 



Black 

 pepper. 



Samples examined 147 



Samples adulterated (total) . . 47 

 Samples adulterated with 



ground cocoanut shells 21 7 6 



*Dept. Inland Revenue, Rep. on Adult, of Food for 1885, Ottawa, 1886, 

 pp. 67, 79. 



f Laboratory of the Inland Rev. Dept., Bull, No. 20, 1890, pp. 7-11. 



Cloves. 



Allspice 



37 



24 



17 



11 



