308 



J. F. Kemp — Bar led Channels Beneath 



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of pre-glacial di'ainage to which fuller 

 reference is subsequently made. It 

 turns a right angle in this and passes 

 northeasterly. Near Hurley station 

 on the New York, Ontario and West- 

 ern Railway, a series of borings was 

 made across the valley with the results 

 shown in fig. 3. On the northwest 

 side is the abrupt escarpment of the 

 Hamilton with characteristic shelf 

 and talus outline. For nearly a mile 

 to the southeast the sandy level extends 

 and the first outcrops encountered are 

 those of the Onondaga (old name 

 Corniferous) limestone with a very 

 flat northwesterly dip. The wash- 

 borings, which are probably a fair 

 indication of the bed-rock, reveal a 

 surface which corresponds very closely 

 to the dip of the strata. Apparently 

 the pre-glacial stream followed down 

 the dip of the limestone against the 

 basset edges of the shales and sand- 

 stones, sapping them until it had 

 attained a depth of 68 ft. below the 

 present sea-level, and showing that 

 there must have been a correspond- 

 ingly greater elevation of the" land. 

 In the closing stages of the ice epoch 

 some barrier must have impounded 

 the water in this valley and have 

 caused the accumulation of the sands. 

 There are some very interesting 

 questions raised by the relations of 

 the pre-glacial Esopus and pre-glacial 

 .Ron d out. The former after its north- 

 easterly bend proceeds to the Hudson 

 along the general prolongation of the 

 latter, which turns at Rosenclale 

 through a high and abrupt ridge of 

 the Helderberg strata, with quite 

 precipitous sides, and joins the Wall- 

 kill. The combined streams then 

 reach the Hudson through an estuary 

 with steep rocky sides and appar- 

 ently much freshened up by the ice- 

 sheet, if, as seems unavoidable, it is of 

 greater geological age. 



