﻿Miidge— 
  Mouth 
  of 
  Grand 
  River. 
  31 
  

  

  Art. 
  Y.—The 
  Mouth 
  of 
  Grand 
  Elver 
  ; 
  bj 
  E. 
  H. 
  Mudge. 
  

  

  Reference 
  to 
  a 
  map 
  of 
  Michigan 
  will 
  show 
  that 
  the 
  mouth 
  

   of 
  Grand 
  River, 
  as 
  commonly 
  understood, 
  is 
  at 
  Grand 
  Haven, 
  

   where 
  the 
  chief 
  river 
  of 
  the 
  State 
  loses 
  itself 
  in 
  the 
  waters 
  of 
  

   Lake 
  Michigan. 
  But 
  there 
  is 
  another 
  point 
  seventy 
  miles 
  

   inland 
  which 
  to 
  one 
  familiar 
  with 
  the 
  old 
  river 
  valley, 
  with 
  its 
  

   varied 
  and 
  interesting 
  history 
  during 
  recent 
  geological 
  times, 
  

   presents 
  itself 
  to 
  the 
  mind 
  as 
  the 
  mouth 
  of 
  Grand 
  River 
  in 
  a 
  

   very 
  interesting 
  sense. 
  

  

  The 
  history 
  of 
  this 
  old 
  river 
  valley, 
  in 
  the 
  days 
  when 
  it 
  

   served 
  as 
  an 
  outlet 
  for 
  the 
  glacial 
  lake 
  Saginaw, 
  has 
  become 
  

   quite 
  well 
  knov/n 
  to 
  the 
  geological 
  world 
  through 
  the 
  labors 
  of 
  

   several 
  enthusiastic 
  investigators, 
  notably 
  Mr. 
  Frank 
  B. 
  Taylor, 
  

   whose 
  final 
  solution 
  of 
  the 
  chief 
  problem 
  here 
  presented 
  was 
  

   first 
  made 
  public 
  through 
  a 
  paper"^ 
  read 
  before 
  the 
  Geological 
  

   Society 
  of 
  America 
  in 
  1896. 
  To 
  understand 
  thoroughly 
  the 
  

   matters 
  under 
  discussion 
  in 
  the 
  present 
  paper, 
  a 
  reading 
  of 
  Mr. 
  

   Taylor's 
  able 
  paper 
  is 
  recommended, 
  especially 
  pages 
  48 
  to 
  54. 
  

   The 
  point 
  of 
  chief 
  importance 
  to 
  the 
  present 
  discussion 
  is 
  that 
  

   at 
  one 
  time 
  a 
  great 
  glacial 
  stream, 
  three-fourths 
  of 
  a 
  mile 
  in 
  

   width 
  as 
  indicated 
  by 
  the 
  old 
  valley, 
  flowed 
  across 
  the 
  penin- 
  

   sula 
  from 
  Lake 
  Saginaw 
  to 
  Lake 
  Chicago. 
  At 
  the 
  point 
  above 
  

   referred 
  to, 
  in 
  the 
  eastern 
  part 
  of 
  Ionia 
  County 
  (see 
  map 
  

   accompanying 
  Mr. 
  Taylor's 
  paper), 
  this 
  great 
  river 
  received 
  

   the 
  waters 
  of 
  another 
  stream, 
  which 
  had 
  its 
  rise 
  far 
  to 
  the 
  

   south, 
  almost 
  within 
  shouting 
  distance 
  of 
  the 
  Indiana 
  line. 
  

   This 
  stream 
  was 
  the 
  upper 
  part 
  of 
  what 
  is 
  now^ 
  knowm 
  as 
  

   Grand 
  River. 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  reason 
  to 
  believe 
  that 
  it 
  was 
  ever 
  

   any 
  larger 
  than 
  at 
  present, 
  and 
  it 
  was 
  therefore 
  but 
  a 
  branch 
  

   of 
  the 
  great 
  glacial 
  river, 
  with 
  its 
  mouth 
  at 
  the 
  point 
  above 
  

   indicated. 
  

  

  Long 
  ago 
  the 
  sources 
  of 
  the 
  glacial 
  river 
  failed, 
  and 
  the 
  

   wide 
  valley 
  with 
  its 
  record-bearing 
  deposits 
  was 
  laid 
  bare 
  to 
  

   await 
  the 
  time 
  when 
  the 
  inquisitive 
  geologist 
  should 
  investi- 
  

   gate 
  its 
  secrets. 
  Among 
  other 
  things 
  thus 
  rendei'ed 
  accessible 
  

   are 
  the 
  fine 
  river-mouth 
  deposits 
  about 
  this 
  old 
  mouth 
  of 
  

   Grand 
  River. 
  

  

  The 
  Pewamo 
  outlet 
  (as 
  the 
  glacial 
  river 
  has 
  been 
  named 
  by 
  

   Mr. 
  Taylor) 
  was 
  relatively 
  a 
  sluggish 
  stream, 
  its 
  fall 
  being 
  

   something 
  less 
  than 
  one 
  foot 
  per 
  mile, 
  while 
  the 
  fall 
  of 
  the 
  

   upper 
  Gi-and 
  is 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  times 
  as 
  great. 
  The 
  surface 
  of 
  

  

  * 
  " 
  Correlation 
  of 
  Erie-Huron 
  Beaches 
  with 
  Outlets 
  and 
  Moraines 
  in 
  South- 
  

   eastern 
  Michigan," 
  by 
  Frank 
  Bursley 
  Taylor, 
  Bulletin 
  of 
  (r. 
  S. 
  A., 
  vol. 
  viii, 
  

   January, 
  1891. 
  

  

  