﻿T. 
  Holm 
  — 
  Studies 
  in 
  the 
  Cyperaceoe. 
  105 
  

  

  Art. 
  X. 
  — 
  Studies 
  in 
  the 
  GypeTacece 
  ; 
  by 
  Theo. 
  Holm. 
  

   XL 
  On 
  the 
  abnormal 
  development 
  of 
  some 
  specimens 
  of 
  

   Carex 
  stipata 
  Mnhl., 
  cansed 
  bj 
  Livia 
  vernalis 
  Fitch. 
  (With 
  

   seven 
  figures 
  in 
  the 
  text 
  drawn 
  from 
  nature 
  bj 
  author.) 
  

  

  While 
  the 
  Cyperacem 
  have 
  several 
  enemies 
  from 
  among 
  

   the 
  parasitical 
  fungi, 
  they 
  do 
  not 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  much 
  troubled 
  by 
  

   parasitical 
  animals. 
  The 
  effects 
  of 
  the 
  attack 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  case 
  

   prove 
  seldom 
  fatal 
  to 
  the 
  host, 
  since 
  the 
  leaves 
  and 
  leaf-slieaths 
  

   become 
  merely 
  partially 
  injured, 
  and 
  even 
  if 
  the 
  fungus 
  infests 
  

   the 
  utriculus 
  of 
  Carex^ 
  the 
  result 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  generally 
  the 
  

   destruction 
  of 
  the 
  enclosed 
  caryopsis 
  and 
  seed, 
  the 
  host 
  is, 
  

   nevertheless, 
  able 
  to 
  propagate 
  itself 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  the 
  rhizome. 
  

   !N"o 
  outer 
  signs 
  of 
  hypertrophy 
  seem 
  to 
  develop 
  from 
  these 
  

   diseases, 
  since 
  the 
  tissues 
  attacked 
  by 
  the 
  fungus 
  become 
  rap- 
  

   idly 
  destroyed," 
  while 
  tlie 
  healthy 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  leaves 
  are 
  still 
  

   capable 
  of 
  performing 
  their 
  functions 
  and 
  retain 
  their 
  normal 
  

   shape 
  and 
  size. 
  It 
  is 
  different, 
  however, 
  when 
  the 
  roots 
  

   become 
  diseased 
  from 
  this 
  cause, 
  and 
  although 
  such 
  cases 
  seem 
  

   to 
  be 
  exceedingly 
  rare, 
  we 
  observed 
  a 
  few 
  in 
  Cyperusjiavescens 
  

   L., 
  the 
  roots 
  of 
  which 
  were 
  infested 
  with 
  Schmzia 
  cypericola 
  

   Magnus," 
  which 
  were 
  growing 
  under 
  perfectly 
  normal 
  condi- 
  

   tions 
  along 
  the 
  banks 
  of 
  a 
  stream 
  near 
  Washington, 
  D. 
  C. 
  

   The 
  diseased 
  roots 
  had 
  become 
  very 
  visibly 
  hypertrophied, 
  

   having 
  increased 
  considerably 
  in 
  thickness 
  at 
  the 
  ends, 
  thus 
  

   forming 
  small 
  hand- 
  or 
  finger-shaped 
  tumors. 
  But 
  otherwise 
  

   we 
  have, 
  so 
  far, 
  never 
  observed 
  any 
  such 
  development 
  of 
  "gall 
  " 
  

   in 
  Cyperacem^ 
  attacked 
  by 
  fungi. 
  There 
  are, 
  however, 
  some 
  

   certain 
  kinds 
  of 
  malformations, 
  which 
  have 
  been 
  recorded 
  in 
  a 
  

   number 
  of 
  species 
  of 
  Carex^ 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  female 
  inflorescences 
  

   show 
  ramifications, 
  due 
  to 
  a 
  prolongation 
  of 
  rhacheola, 
  but 
  

   such 
  cases 
  are 
  not 
  to 
  be 
  considered 
  as 
  caused 
  by 
  parasites 
  ; 
  

   they 
  may, 
  as 
  suggested 
  by 
  Duval-Jouve,f 
  be 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  condi- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  the 
  soil. 
  Another 
  case 
  is 
  where 
  the 
  utriculus 
  of 
  Carex 
  

   disticha 
  shows 
  a 
  marked 
  increase 
  in 
  size, 
  but 
  this 
  abnormal 
  

   •condition 
  does 
  not 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  proved 
  as 
  being 
  caused 
  

   by 
  parasites. 
  In 
  Heleocharis 
  and 
  Scirpus 
  there 
  are 
  several 
  

   species 
  which 
  are 
  frequently 
  viviparous, 
  evidently 
  without 
  being- 
  

   affected 
  by 
  any 
  kind 
  of 
  actual 
  disease 
  ; 
  similar 
  viviparous 
  forms 
  

   are, 
  also, 
  mot 
  with 
  among 
  the 
  Graminem^ 
  where 
  they 
  are 
  not 
  

   uncommon, 
  e. 
  g., 
  the 
  variety 
  " 
  vivipara 
  " 
  of 
  Poa 
  hulbosa^ 
  Aira 
  

   alpina, 
  Festuca 
  ovina, 
  Anthoxanihura 
  odoratimi^ 
  etc.:]: 
  

  

  * 
  The 
  fungus 
  was 
  kindly 
  identified 
  by 
  Professor 
  Geo. 
  F. 
  Atkinson. 
  

  

  f 
  Duval-Jouve: 
  Surla 
  signification 
  morphologique 
  d'une 
  anonialie 
  que 
  presentent 
  

   les 
  utricules 
  de 
  quelques 
  carex. 
  (Bull. 
  soc. 
  bot. 
  de 
  France, 
  vol. 
  xi, 
  1864.) 
  

  

  X 
  The 
  author 
  : 
  Notes 
  on 
  the 
  flowers 
  of 
  Anthoxanthum 
  odoraium 
  L. 
  (Proceed. 
  

   U. 
  S. 
  National 
  Museum, 
  vol. 
  xv, 
  1892, 
  p. 
  399.) 
  

  

  Am. 
  Jour. 
  Sci.— 
  Fourth 
  Series, 
  Vol. 
  VIII, 
  No. 
  44— 
  August, 
  1899. 
  

  

  