﻿110 
  T. 
  Holm 
  — 
  Studies 
  in 
  the 
  Cyj>eracecB. 
  

  

  to 
  which 
  Mazel* 
  has 
  later 
  on 
  added 
  : 
  Cai^ex 
  arenaria^ 
  C. 
  

   humilis^ 
  C. 
  depauperata^ 
  C. 
  glauca^ 
  C. 
  alba 
  and 
  C. 
  alp>estris. 
  

   This 
  irregular 
  position 
  of 
  the 
  proto-hadrome 
  in 
  our 
  specimens 
  

   of 
  C. 
  stipata 
  does 
  not, 
  therefore, 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  in 
  any 
  way 
  the 
  

   result 
  of 
  disease, 
  since 
  it 
  has, 
  also, 
  been 
  observed 
  in 
  other 
  

   species 
  with 
  no 
  symptoms 
  of 
  anomaly. 
  

  

  While 
  the 
  disease 
  in 
  Carex 
  stipata 
  had 
  not 
  cansed 
  the 
  

   development 
  of 
  a 
  gall 
  or 
  gall-like 
  formation, 
  it 
  is, 
  nevertheless, 
  

   to 
  be 
  recorded, 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  one 
  analogy 
  to 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  respect 
  

   to 
  the 
  manner 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  epidermis 
  has 
  been 
  modified 
  in 
  its 
  

   structure. 
  Kiistenniacherf 
  in 
  his 
  interesting 
  work 
  upon 
  galls, 
  

   describes 
  the 
  various 
  modifications 
  that 
  are 
  observable 
  in 
  the 
  

   tissues 
  which 
  compose 
  the 
  gall 
  ; 
  among 
  these 
  is 
  the 
  so-called 
  

   nutritive-layer 
  (Nahrschicht) 
  which 
  surrounds 
  the 
  animal- 
  

   embrj^o, 
  and 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  inner 
  epidermis 
  develops 
  into 
  a 
  

   mass 
  of 
  papillae 
  ('' 
  papillose 
  JS'ahrhaare 
  "). 
  As 
  we 
  have 
  stated 
  

   above, 
  the 
  leaf 
  -surf 
  ace 
  of 
  our 
  Carex 
  showed 
  a 
  corresponding 
  

   structure 
  with 
  a 
  dense 
  covering 
  of 
  papillae, 
  but 
  it 
  is, 
  however, 
  

   far 
  from 
  certain 
  that 
  their 
  function 
  was 
  the 
  same. 
  It 
  seems 
  

   more 
  probable 
  that 
  the 
  excessive 
  but 
  sickly 
  development 
  of 
  all 
  

   the 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  leaf 
  was 
  produced 
  by 
  a 
  kind 
  of 
  irritation, 
  

   caused 
  by 
  the 
  depositing 
  of 
  the 
  eggs 
  upon 
  the 
  young 
  leaf-sur- 
  

   face, 
  without 
  the 
  abnormal 
  structure 
  being 
  of 
  any 
  advantage 
  to 
  

   the 
  parasite. 
  And 
  although 
  the 
  parasitism 
  was 
  purely 
  super- 
  

   ficial 
  from 
  its 
  beginning 
  to 
  end, 
  it, 
  nevertheless, 
  resulted 
  in 
  

   such 
  important 
  physiological 
  disturbances 
  as 
  : 
  the 
  almost 
  com- 
  

   plete 
  non-development 
  of 
  stomata, 
  chloroj^hyll, 
  lignin 
  and 
  the 
  

   partial 
  non-absorption 
  of 
  silica. 
  

  

  Brookland, 
  D. 
  C, 
  February, 
  1899. 
  

  

  * 
  Mazel, 
  Antoine: 
  Etudes 
  d'anatomie 
  comparee 
  sur 
  les 
  orgaues 
  de 
  vegetation 
  

   dans 
  le 
  genre 
  Carex, 
  These. 
  Geneve, 
  1891, 
  p. 
  88. 
  

  

  f 
  Kiistenmacher, 
  Max: 
  Beitrage 
  zur 
  Kenntuiss 
  der 
  Gallenbilduugen 
  mit 
  Bervick- 
  

   sichtigung 
  des 
  Gerbstoiies. 
  (Pringslieim's 
  Jahrb. 
  f. 
  wiss. 
  Botauik, 
  vol. 
  xxvi, 
  Heft 
  

   I, 
  Berlin, 
  1894, 
  Inaug. 
  diss.) 
  

  

  