﻿y^Q 
  = 
  Q 
  =z 
  T,„ 
  

  

  440 
  F. 
  H. 
  Bigelow 
  — 
  International 
  Cloud 
  Work. 
  

  

  kind 
  of 
  cloud 
  was 
  carefully 
  mapped 
  out. 
  Beginning 
  with 
  the 
  

   mean 
  meteorological 
  elements 
  ^.t.e. 
  at 
  the 
  surface 
  for 
  each 
  

   month, 
  purely 
  adiabatic 
  values 
  were 
  computed 
  at 
  the 
  required 
  

   heights 
  ; 
  and 
  then 
  the 
  actual 
  state 
  of 
  the 
  atmosphere 
  was 
  com- 
  

   puted 
  by 
  using 
  the 
  temperatures 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  balloon 
  

   ascensions. 
  Subtracting 
  these 
  values 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  heights, 
  the 
  

   difference 
  is 
  the 
  quantity 
  of 
  heat 
  required. 
  In 
  integrating 
  

  

  /-Tp- 
  I 
  was 
  obliged 
  in 
  this 
  preliminary 
  work 
  to 
  regard 
  T^^ 
  as 
  

  

  constant, 
  and 
  to 
  take 
  as 
  its 
  value 
  the 
  mean 
  of 
  the 
  adiabatic 
  

   and 
  the 
  observed 
  temperatures. 
  The 
  formula 
  employed 
  is, 
  

  

  (^'2374+ 
  -1512 
  -:^ 
  + 
  -0232 
  ^)logT-( 
  -06858 
  + 
  -02592 
  ^)log 
  B 
  

   •(•2374 
  + 
  -15l2^ 
  + 
  -0232^|logTo+ 
  [-06858 
  + 
  -02592 
  ^-^JlogBo 
  

  

  'the 
  upper 
  terms 
  being 
  the 
  observed 
  and 
  the 
  latter 
  adiabatic. 
  

   In 
  computing, 
  the 
  dry 
  air 
  and 
  the 
  vapor 
  terms 
  for 
  temperature 
  

   and 
  for 
  pressure, 
  four 
  in 
  all, 
  were 
  candied 
  through 
  separately 
  ;• 
  

   finally 
  the 
  values 
  for 
  each 
  1000-meter 
  level 
  were 
  interpolated, 
  

   so 
  that 
  we 
  have 
  in 
  a 
  table 
  the 
  calories 
  required 
  to 
  effect 
  the 
  

   change 
  from 
  an 
  adiabatic 
  to 
  the 
  actual 
  atmosphere. 
  This 
  is 
  at 
  

   least 
  a 
  fair 
  effort 
  to 
  elucidate 
  quantitatively 
  the 
  problem 
  of 
  the 
  

   absorption 
  of 
  heat 
  by 
  the 
  earth's 
  atmosphere. 
  Its 
  interest 
  and 
  

   importance 
  would 
  justify 
  a 
  special 
  campaign 
  of 
  operations 
  

   devoted 
  to 
  its 
  more 
  careful 
  study. 
  

  

  The 
  Motions 
  of 
  the 
  Atmosphere. 
  

  

  Besides 
  these 
  mathematical 
  discussions 
  and 
  physical 
  re- 
  

   searches, 
  a 
  considerable 
  portion 
  of 
  our 
  labor 
  was 
  expended 
  upon 
  

   the 
  determination 
  of 
  the 
  stream 
  lines 
  and 
  vectors 
  of 
  motion, 
  

   which 
  occur 
  throughout 
  anti-cjclonic 
  and 
  cyclonic 
  regions 
  in 
  

   the 
  United 
  States. 
  Tiie 
  complexity 
  of 
  this 
  subject 
  is 
  so 
  great 
  

   that 
  it 
  is 
  necessary 
  to 
  refer 
  the 
  reader 
  to 
  the 
  charts 
  of 
  the' 
  

   Report 
  itself 
  for 
  a 
  complete 
  presentation 
  of 
  the 
  result. 
  We 
  

   had 
  two 
  sources 
  of 
  information 
  to 
  depend 
  upon, 
  namely, 
  the 
  

   long 
  series 
  of 
  cloud 
  charts 
  which 
  are 
  used 
  in 
  the 
  daily 
  fore- 
  

   casts, 
  but 
  are 
  not 
  published, 
  and 
  the 
  nephoscope 
  observations 
  

   of 
  the 
  International 
  cloud 
  year. 
  These 
  charts 
  contain 
  blue 
  

   arrows, 
  showing 
  the 
  direction 
  of 
  motion 
  of 
  the 
  lower 
  or 
  cumu- 
  

   lus 
  clouds, 
  and 
  red 
  arrows 
  giving 
  the 
  direction 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  or 
  

   cirrus 
  clouds. 
  The 
  United 
  States 
  was 
  divided 
  by 
  me 
  into 
  six 
  

   areas, 
  the 
  northern 
  liocky 
  Mountain 
  region, 
  the 
  Lake 
  region, 
  

   the 
  ^N'ew 
  England 
  districts, 
  the 
  southern 
  Rocky 
  Mountain 
  

   region, 
  the 
  west 
  Gulf 
  States 
  and 
  the 
  south 
  Atlantic 
  States, 
  for 
  

   the 
  purpose 
  of 
  discussion. 
  Then 
  for 
  high 
  and 
  low 
  areas 
  

  

  