﻿Geology 
  and 
  Mineralogy. 
  467 
  

  

  1899. 
  — 
  Some 
  notes 
  were 
  given 
  in 
  the 
  last 
  number 
  (p. 
  396) 
  of 
  

   recent 
  work 
  on 
  the 
  salt 
  deposits 
  of 
  Kansas. 
  The 
  present 
  interest- 
  

   ing 
  volume, 
  published 
  at 
  about 
  the 
  same 
  time, 
  takes 
  up 
  the 
  sub- 
  

   ject 
  of 
  gypsum 
  and 
  describes 
  with 
  all 
  necessary 
  fullness 
  the 
  

   occurrence 
  of 
  the 
  important 
  deposits 
  in 
  the 
  State, 
  with 
  also 
  the 
  

   technological 
  and 
  chemical 
  aspects 
  of 
  the 
  subject. 
  

  

  5. 
  TJeber 
  Strandbildungen 
  des 
  JLitorinameeres 
  auf 
  der 
  Insel 
  

   3Iantslnsaari 
  ; 
  by 
  J. 
  Ailio 
  (Bull. 
  Commission 
  geologique 
  de 
  la 
  

   Finlande, 
  1898, 
  pp. 
  41). 
  — 
  Of 
  recent 
  years 
  the 
  Finnish 
  geologists 
  

   have 
  been 
  carefully 
  studying 
  the 
  ancient 
  elevated 
  sea 
  margins 
  of 
  

   northern 
  Europe. 
  The 
  present 
  paper 
  is 
  devoted 
  to 
  those 
  of 
  an 
  

   island 
  in 
  the 
  great 
  Ladoga 
  Lake. 
  Many 
  interesting 
  features 
  

   regarding 
  these 
  littoral 
  formations 
  are 
  described 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  an 
  

   excellent 
  map 
  in 
  colors 
  showing 
  the 
  retrogression 
  of 
  the 
  waters. 
  

  

  L. 
  Y. 
  p. 
  

  

  6. 
  TJeber 
  eine 
  Archdische 
  sedimentformation 
  im 
  sudLcestUcheii 
  

   Finland 
  ; 
  von 
  J. 
  J. 
  Sederholm 
  (Bull. 
  Commission 
  geologique 
  

   de 
  la 
  Finlande, 
  No, 
  6, 
  pp. 
  254, 
  1899). 
  — 
  The 
  object 
  of 
  the 
  author 
  

   in 
  this 
  paper 
  is 
  to 
  show 
  that 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  metamorphic, 
  schistose 
  

   and 
  crystalline 
  rocks 
  were 
  originally 
  true 
  normal 
  sediments 
  which 
  

   had 
  been 
  laid 
  down 
  in 
  water 
  or 
  were 
  of 
  eolian 
  origin, 
  interbedded 
  

   with 
  effusive 
  lava 
  flows, 
  and 
  that 
  they 
  had 
  belonged 
  to 
  a 
  Pre- 
  

   -cambrian 
  folded, 
  mountain 
  complex. 
  The 
  structure 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  

   possible, 
  and 
  especially 
  the 
  petrology, 
  are 
  very 
  carefully 
  worked 
  

   out. 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  valuable 
  contribution 
  to 
  the 
  general 
  knowledge 
  of 
  

   the 
  subject 
  of 
  folded 
  and 
  metamorphosed 
  rocks 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  of 
  

   interest 
  in 
  its 
  local 
  application. 
  In 
  addition 
  to 
  cuts, 
  plates 
  and 
  

   maps, 
  it 
  contains 
  an 
  excellent 
  geological 
  map 
  of 
  Finland. 
  

  

  L. 
  Y. 
  P. 
  

  

  7. 
  A 
  Study 
  of 
  the 
  Peat 
  Bogs 
  of 
  Finland 
  and 
  their 
  Fossil 
  

   Quaternary 
  Flora 
  ; 
  by 
  Gunnar 
  Andeksson. 
  (Bulletin 
  de 
  la 
  

   Commission 
  geologique 
  de 
  la 
  Finlande, 
  No. 
  8, 
  Studier 
  ofver 
  Fin- 
  

   lands 
  Torfmossar 
  och 
  Fossile 
  Kvartarflora. 
  Helsingfors, 
  Dec, 
  

   1898.) 
  — 
  This 
  study 
  includes 
  21 
  text 
  figures 
  and 
  216 
  figures 
  in 
  

   four 
  plates. 
  It 
  is 
  based 
  on 
  a 
  seven 
  weeks 
  examination 
  of 
  the 
  

   Finland 
  bogs, 
  which, 
  owing 
  to 
  their 
  great 
  extent, 
  the 
  writer 
  con- 
  

   siders 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  barely 
  sufficient 
  time. 
  A 
  number 
  of 
  sections 
  

   are 
  given, 
  the 
  uniform 
  absence 
  of 
  shelly 
  or 
  marl 
  layers 
  being 
  

   noticeable. 
  

  

  As 
  in 
  western 
  Scandinavia 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  Baltic 
  side 
  of 
  Sweden 
  

   three 
  periods 
  of 
  elevation 
  and 
  subsidence 
  are 
  noted, 
  marked 
  by 
  

   Yoldia^ 
  Ancylus, 
  and 
  Litorina 
  horizons. 
  With 
  the 
  exception 
  of 
  

   isolated 
  fish 
  bones, 
  remains 
  of 
  vertebrates 
  were 
  not 
  found, 
  pre- 
  

   sumably 
  because 
  of 
  the 
  action 
  of 
  humus 
  acids 
  and 
  almost 
  com- 
  

   plete 
  absence 
  of 
  lime 
  in 
  these 
  Finnish 
  bogs. 
  The 
  earlier 
  bush 
  

   flora 
  following 
  the 
  glacial 
  retreat 
  is 
  still 
  being 
  studied. 
  No 
  birch 
  

   period, 
  as 
  sometimes 
  proposed, 
  was 
  found 
  to 
  be 
  present. 
  An 
  early 
  

   well-marked 
  pine 
  flora 
  appeared 
  previous 
  to 
  the 
  Ancylus 
  horizon. 
  

   An 
  elm 
  flora 
  near 
  the 
  close 
  of 
  the 
  pine 
  flora 
  is 
  doubtful. 
  Three 
  

   plants 
  not 
  now 
  found 
  in 
  northern 
  Europe, 
  Geratophyllum 
  sub- 
  

  

  