298 Headden — Group of Radium-bearing Springs. 



break off ; sucli broken-off pieces, 20 feet in width, are still 

 remaining. 



The cliff rises perpendicularly to a height of 130 feet 

 immediately back of the springs, but is higher at points both 

 above and below them ; in structure it presents an alternation 

 of sandstones and shales with a stratum of conglomerate near 

 the top. This series probably belongs to the upper portion of 

 the Dakota. 



While the flow from the individual springs is not notably 

 large, the aggregate flow of the group is very considerable. 

 The large number of small springs in the group is probably 

 due to impeded outflow, whereby the waters are forced to 

 find various passages for their escape. According to my 

 information, one spring issues in the bed of the river. All of 

 the springs emit gases in moderate quantities, but the emission 

 is continuous. In addition to the flow of the springs proper, 

 small streams are issuing from the face of the sinter bed at 

 very many places, in fact, almost throughout its entire length. 

 Assuming this water to come from the springs, their actual 

 discharge must be quite large, but it is not certain that this 

 assumption is wholly correct. I have no doubt but that waters 

 coming from the cliff, including some surface waters, do find 

 their way into the springs under the present conditions, but 

 the amount of this water is wholly insignificant, and without 

 influence upon the flow of the springs. While I do not think 

 that there is any significant quantity of surface water finding 

 its way into these springs, it does seem probable that some of 

 the waters represent mixtures of different springs. It is 

 clearly evident that there are three distinct types of water 

 represented by the analyses which I shall give. There is, 

 however, a number of springs, how many I do not know, 

 whose waters are intermediate in character between two of 

 these types. 



The gases emitted by these springs consist largely of carbon 

 dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, but I have not yet submitted 

 them to an examination. I am of the opinion that they will 

 prove to be as interesting as the waters themselves or their 

 deposits. 



These springs are, so far as the writer is aware, wholly 

 unknown to the general public, and have no individual names, 

 but are spoken of collectively as the Doughty Springs. It is 

 true that one of them is called the Black Spring, because the 

 water as it lies in a basin adjoining the spring proper appears 

 black ; another is called the Bath Tub, because of its size and 

 convenient depth for bathing ; also, because there are good 

 reasons to believe that the Indians used it for this purpose, for 

 according to Mr. Doughty, the mud which had gradually 



