Spencer — Submarine Valleys off North America. 343 



islands, Barbadoes and Trinidad." Six papers in Quar. Jour. 

 Geol. Soc, Lond., vol. lvii (1901), pp. 490-544 and vol. lviii, pp. 

 341-365. (The local development of the insular shelves, the sub- 

 marine channels and valleys, and their associated geological and 

 physiographic relationships are considered, while in No. 16 they 

 are further correlated.) 



23. " The Submarine Valleys Off the American Coast and in 

 High Latitudes," Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. xiv, pp. 207-226, 

 1903. (This is an amplification of No. 7 and a delayed continua- 

 tion of the paper on the Antillean Continent, No. 3.) 



24. " The Submarine Great Canyon of the Hudson River," this 

 Journal, IV, vol. xix, pp. 1-15, 1 905. (The most perfectly explored 

 of all the American canyons.) 



25. " On the Physiographic Improbability of Land at the North 

 Pole," as in this Journal preceding this list. (An application of 

 the study of Submarine valleys to exploration of the unknown 

 Arctic region.) 



26. "Prof. Hull's ' Sub-oceanic Terraces and River -Valleys off 

 the Coast of Europe.' " A Review. Am. Geologist, vol. xxxv, 

 13 pages (in press), 1905. 



27. " Dr. Nansen's ' Bathymetrical Features of the North 

 Polar Sea, with a Discussion of the Continental Shelves and the 

 Previous Oscillations of the Shore-Line." A Review. Am. 

 Geologist, vol. xxxv, 15 pages (in press), 1905. In this Dr. Nansen 

 discusses American valleys. 



The study of the submarine valleys is in its infancy, and 

 while the work in the above papers somewhat overlaps and 

 embraces many features, these have been considered incidental 

 to working out the submarine channel, valleys, etc., dissecting 

 the submarine border of the continent. These valleys are 

 regarded of atmospheric origin from the facts brought out, 

 therefore they become evidence of great changes of level of 

 land and sea. Some of the consequences of such changes 

 are considered. But only a commencement of the great prob- 

 lem has been inaugurated. 



While references have been made to the work of others in 

 the writer's papers, the addition of the following contributions 

 will make a nearly complete list, so far as America is concerned. 

 As to Europe, the references in the papers of Prof. Edward 

 Hull and Dr. Eridtjof Nansen are equally comprehensive. 



Prof. J. D. Dana: "The Hudson River Channel;" in all edi- 

 tions of The Manual of Geology (1863-1895). 

 " Long Island Sound in the Quaternary Era, with observations 

 on the Submarine Hudson River ;" this Journal (3), vol. xl, 

 pp. 425-437, 1890. (In all cases the submarine channels are 

 regarded as submerged valleys.) 



Prof. A. Lindenkohl: " Geology of the Sea Bottom in the 

 approaches to New York Bay," this Journal (3), vol. xxix, pp. 

 475-480, 1885. 



