344 Spencer — Submarine Valleys off North America. 



" Notes on the Submarine Channel of the Hudson River, and 

 other evidences of Postglacial Subsidence of the Middle Atlan- 

 tic Coast Region. This Journal (3), vol. xli, pp. 489-499, 1891 

 (in which the channel was differentiated, with the recognition 

 of the continuing canyon to a depth of about 3000 feet). 



Prof. George Davidson : "Submarine Valleys of the Pacific 

 Coast of the U. S." Bull. Cal. Acad. Sc, vol. ii, pp. 265-268, 

 1887. (Calling attention to the valleys and describing three of 

 them, without discussion of origin.) Others are described in 

 his Pilot of the Pacific Coast, 1889, pp. 35-36, 51-52. (He 

 refers to having later designated them " submerged.") 



" The Submerged Valleys off California (XL S.), and of Lower 

 California (Mexico). Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc. (3), vol. i, pp. 73- 

 103, 1897. (Here the Continental Shelf is considered, 31 sub- 

 merged valleys are described dissecting it, and the features of 

 the adjacent land are given. Several are traced to 2000 feet, 

 one to 3600, and one to 5000 feet below the surface of the sea.) 



Dr. Warren Upham: "Quaternary Changes of Level;" Geo!. 

 Mag. Lond. (3), vol. vii, pp. 492-497, 1890. 

 "The Fjords and Lake Basins of North America considered as 

 evidence of Preglacial elevation, and depression during the 

 Glacial Period." Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. i, pp. 563-567 r 

 1890. (He also treats of some foreign examples.) 

 " Submarine Valleys on Continental Slopes ;" Abstract, Proc. 

 Am. As. Ad. Sc, vol. xli, pp. 171-173, 1892. 

 " Fjords and Submerged Valleys of Europe ;" Am. Geol., vol. 

 xxii, pp. 101-108, 1898. 



Prof. Joseph Le Conte : In Tertiary and Post Tertiary Changes 

 of Atlantic and Pacific Coast," etc. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 

 ii, pp. 323-330, 1890. (Discusses the submerged valleys as 

 such, with their beheading by orogenic movements.) 

 In " Earth-Crust Movements and their Causes ;" Bull. Geol. 

 Soc. Am., vol. viii, pp. 113-126, 1897. (He discusses the oscil- 

 lations which favored the excavation of land valleys, and sub- 

 sequently submerged them.) 



Prof. A. C. Lawson : In "The Geology of Carmelo Bay ;" Bull. 

 Univ. Cal. (Geol. Dept.), vol. i, pp. 57-59, 1893, also page 155 

 (in which he briefly discusses the submarine valleys, believing- 

 them to be structural). 



Prof. Harold W. Fairbanks : " Oscillations of the Coast of Cali- 

 fornia during the Pliocene and Pleistocene." Am. Geol., vol. 

 xx, pp. 213-245, 1897. (Discusses the submarine valleys, pp. 

 228-245, with the conclusion that they are submerged land 

 valleys formed in the early Pleistocene days.) 



Mr. W. S. Tangier Smith : "The Submarine Valleys off the Cali- 

 fornia Coast," Science, vol. xv, pp. 670-672, 1902. (He sug- 

 gests that some of the submarine valleys were made or opened 

 by subterranean streams.) 



Prof. N. S. Shaler : " Evidences as to the Changes of Sea Level." 

 Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. vi, pp. 141-166, 1895. (Discusses 

 drowned harbors, that of St. Lawrence, etc., subterranean 

 channels of Florida, etc.) 



