0. P. Hay — Deposit of the Glacial Drift. 53 



the moving ice. Dr. Archibald Geikie evidently holds similar 

 views. He says : 



" Underneath the great ice-sheet, and perhaps partly incorpo- 

 rated in the lower portions of the ice, there accumulated a mass of 

 earthy, sandy, and stony matter (till, bowlder-clay, ' grund mo- 

 rane,' moraine-profonde, older diluvium') which, pushed along and 

 ground up, was the material wherewith the characteristic flowing 

 outlines and smoothed striated surfaces were produced." — Text- 

 book of Geology, Ed. 1885, p. 894. 



Again in a foot note on the same page, he says : 



"It is difficult to explain by any known glacial operation, the 

 accumulation of such deep masses of detritus below a sheet of 

 moving land ice. Another problem is presented by the occa- 

 sional and sometimes extensive preservation of undisturbed loose 

 pre-glacial deposits under the till. The way in which the Forest- 

 bed group has escaped for so wide a space under the Cromer 

 cliffs with their proofs of enormous ice movement, is a remarkable 

 example." 



In our own country Profs. J. S. Newberry and N. H. Win- 

 chell have been most explicit in the enunciation of their views 

 on this subject. Both are oppressed with the difficulties that 

 lie in the way of understanding how the till can have accumu- 

 lated under the moving glacier. The latter (Pop. Sci. Monthly, 

 1873; 293), puts forward the proposition that through the 

 action of winds bearing dust and through the melting of the 

 upper surface of the glacier, the materials now constituting the 

 Drift accumulated on the surface of the ice sheet, and were 

 either carried forward to the terminal edge and deposited there 

 or, on the decay of the glacier, let down quietly on the rocky 

 surface below. He has more recently re-affirmed these views 

 (this Journal, 1881, 358), in calling attention to some of Capt. 

 Dall's observations made on the coast of Alaska. There has 

 been discovered in that region a sheet of ice of unknown ex- 

 tent and great thickness, that bears on its surface a thin soil, in 

 which there is found growing in some places a rather luxuriant 

 forest vegetation. In holes in this soil and in the underlying 

 ice, there occur, besides decaying animal and vegetable matter, 

 the bones of mammoths, buffaloes, etc. ; and from these we 

 may judge of the vast age of this stratum of ice. This is 

 regarded by Prof. N. H. Winchell as being a "fossil glacier," 

 the counterpart of which once spread over a considerable por- 

 tion of our Northern States. 



Prof. J. S. Newberry, in the volumes of the Geological Sur- 

 vey of Ohio, and elsewhere, insists strongly that the Drift 

 materials could have accumulated neither on the surface of the 

 great glacier, nor in any considerable thickness beneath it ; 



