T. 8. Hunt — Chemical Integration. 125 



(H 100 O 60 )H-50, the ratio 1-0:8-142 corresponds to (H 100 O B1 )H-50. 

 These figures, arbitrarily assumed, will serve for illustration ; 

 but it may be remarked that the integral weight for the gaseous 

 species, H 100 O 61 = 898-16, which may be supposed to have a 

 momentary existence before homogeneous disintegration, is not 

 very much greater than the weights observed for the vapors of 

 stannic and aluminio iodids ; Snl 4 = 534*1, and A1 2 I 6 = 813-2. 



§ 17. The integral weight of liquid water with the usual 

 volumetric ratios is represented by 1628(H 2 0) = 29,244, as has 

 been shown at length in "A New Basis for Chemistry." The 

 great importance of this datum is due to the fact that the weight 

 of this liquid at its maximum density has, for obvious reasons, 

 been assumed as the unit of specific gravity for all liquids and 

 solids. For similar reasons of convenience, a second arbitrary 

 unit, the weight of atmospheric air at 0° and 760 mm pressure, 

 has been adopted as the unit of specific gravity for all gases 

 and vapors. Hydrogen gas at the same temperature and pres- 

 sure, which gives us the unit of integral weight, would, how- 

 ever, seem to be the natural unit of specific gravity for all bodies 

 whatsoever, and in fact the accepted integral or equivalent 

 weights for gases and vapors are but the specific gravities of 

 these bodies referred to hydrogen, H 2 = 2*0 ; which is not only 

 the unit of weight and volume adopted by chemists for all 

 gases and vapors, but also the unit of weight in all calculations 

 of the equivalent or integral weights of liquid and solid species. 

 The values thus assigned not only to water-vapor and to gas- 

 eous carbon dioxyd, but to ice, to water, to liquid and solid 

 carbon dioxyd, to quartz, and to calcite, are really the specific 

 gravities — hydrogen gas, H 2 = 2-0 being unity — of the normal 

 gaseous species H 2 and C0 2 , and of the possible gaseous 

 species, silicon dioxyd, Si0 2 , and calcium carbonate CCa0 3 , 

 which by integration, or so-called polymerization, give rise to 

 the liquid and solid forms of water and carbon dioxyd, to trid- 

 ymite and quartz, to calcite and aragonite. 



If now we compare the densities of these various liquid and 

 solid species with those of the known gaseous species H 2 and 

 CO,, or, in the last analysis, with the density of the hydrogen 

 unit, H 2 , we obtain a direct expression for the condensation 

 suffered by these in passing into the liquid and solid integers. 

 In other words, we get the specific gravity of these bodies, 

 the dyad integer of hydrogen at 0° and 760 mm (H 2 = 2*0) 

 being unity. That of water- vapor at 100° and 760 mm , repre- 

 sented by H 2 = 17*9633 ; the same volume of water at 100° 

 being represented by 1628(H 2 0) = 29,244. The density of all 

 species, whether gaseous, liquid or solid, is thus compared with 

 that of their volumetric equivalent of hydrogen gas (H 2 = 2"0) 

 at the standard temperature and pressure, and is seen to be for 



