J. D. Dana — History of the Changes in Kilauea. 353 



lighted up not over the cone, but east and west of it. Figure 2 

 is a view of the cone without its vapors, taken from the Vol- 



Cone in Halema'uma'u. 



cano House; it is seen to rise out of an abrupt depression, 

 which is that of Halema'uma'u. The narrow part of the 

 depression to the left is the basin of the adjoining "New 

 Lake." Plate III, representing the north end of the cone, with 

 the bottom of the Halema'uma'u basin outside of it, illustrates 

 its agglomerate nature. It is literally debris-made, and the 

 debris is chiefly that from fallen walls, not the cinders or loose 

 scoria derived from the ejections of a central vent. The plate 

 shows also the character of the wall of Halema'uma'u, the 

 stratification in the wall of Kilauea, and, above the latter, 

 snow-capped Mt. Loa. The photograph from which the plate 

 was engraved was taken in January last. 



The only lake with active fires that was open to view in 

 August last, was that on the west side of the cone ; the more 

 southern and the southeastern borders were swept by the wind- 

 drifted vapors. The lake was but 150 by 175 feet in its diame- 

 ters. It was mostly crusted over, but showed the red fires in a 

 few long crossing lines (fissures), and in three to five open 

 places, half way under the overhanging rock of the margin 

 where the lavas were dashing up in spray and splashing 

 noisily, with seemingly the liquidity of water. Now and then 

 the fire places widened out toward the interior of the lake, 

 breaking up the crust and consuming it by fusion ; yet at no 

 time was there a projection of the lavas in vertical jets in a 

 free-boiling way ; nor was it too hot to stand on the border of 

 the lake if only the face were protected. Although relatively 

 so quiet, the mobility of the brilliant splashing lavas made 

 it an intensely interesting sight. Occasionally the red fissures 

 widened by a fusing of the sides as the crust near by heaved, 

 and the lavas' flowed over the surface. It was evident from 

 the cooled streams outside, that now and then more forcible 

 movements take place, followed by outflows over the margin. 



8. The ordinary lava-stream, Pahoehoe of the Islanders. — The 

 ordinary Kilauea lava-stream made by overflowing or outflow- 

 ing of the thoroughly fused lavas is remarkably smooth in sur- 

 face. This is well seen in the small overflowings from the 

 lava-lake, the lavas being so liquid that it may be dipped up 



