J. D. Dana — History of the Changes in Kilauea. 361 



characteristics. North of this station the thickness becomes 

 ten feet and less. At the Volcano House it is six feet or more. 

 It may be seen in front of the house at the first descent, where 

 it includes, at bottom, a bed of pebbles ; upon this, six to eight 

 inches of the spongy scoria (" pumice") ; then another pebbly 

 layer and some fine tufa. It occurs also just north of the Vol- 

 cano House garden and may be found in traces elsewhere about 

 the north border. 



From the south border of the crater the formation extends 

 around by the east side not only to Keanakakoi,* but to the 

 Kilauea-iki depression, thinning northward as on the west side, 

 but having the same characteristics, as observed in the spongy 

 scoria, the great numbers of large stones and the kinds of 

 rock constituting them. But the stones, though many and 

 large, are of somewhat less size than to the west and south- 

 west, and the "pumice" to the northward on this windward 

 side of the crater is in thin widely scattered patches. The 

 tongue of land extending from that side toward the south end 

 of Halema'uma'u. with the words over it on the map "gravel 

 and boulders," owes its gravel and many bowlders to the same 

 source, as Professor Hitchcock implies. The low plain between 

 Kilauea-iki and Kilauea fails of it ; but this is owing to recent 

 lava out-flows over the surface. The deep soil and earth farther 

 east over a region crossed by the north and south carriage road 

 by which we made the ascent to the crater, bearing tree-ferns, 

 etc., in luxuriance, is probably an eastern portion of the tufa 

 formation. 



The greatness and violence of the eruption cannot be 

 doubted. Its distribution all around Kilauea seems to show 

 that the whole bottom of the pit was in action ; yet the 

 southern, as usual, most intensely so. The heavy compact 

 rock of the stones and the size of many of them indicate that 

 the more deep-seated rocks along the conduit of the volcano 

 were torn off by the furiously ascending lavas. It was a pro- 

 jectile eruption of Kilauea such as has not been known in more 

 recent times. 



I looked along the walls of Kilauea to ascertain whether 

 there was evidence of earlier eruptions of the kind, but found 



* The name Keanakakoi or Keana-ka-koi, applied on the Hawaiian Government 

 map to the small crater east of the southern half of Kilauea, signifies, as I was 

 informed by an intelligent native, the chipping -stone pit, and refers to the fact 

 that formerly a very compact grayish lava was obtained at its bottom and used 

 there for the manufacture of stone implements. No such stone or manufacture 

 has ever existed at Kilauea-iki. This appears to settle the question as to the cor- 

 rect application of the latter name raised by Mr. Brigham. The crater has now 

 a bottom of very smooth recent lava, which our guide stated had been ejected 8 

 or 10 years back ; which suggests that the ejection may have occurred at the time 

 of the eruption of 1879. 



