J. D. Dana — Geological History of Maui. 83 



1. East Maui. 



1. The Mountain. — The crater of Haleakala has been many 

 times described, but first with a detailed map in illustration 

 by Captain Wilkes. Captain "Wilkes states that he is indebted 

 for the map to his artist, Mr. Joseph Drayton ;* and consider- 

 ing that it was from an artist's survey, not that of a surveying 

 party with instruments, it is a remarkable piece of work. The 

 expedition owes much to Mr. Drayton, not only for his excel- 

 lent labors as draftsman in all departments at sea, but also, after 

 his return, for his management of engravers, printers, etc., dur- 

 ing the publication of the various lieports. 



The mountain is usually ascended from Paia, a village on the 

 north coast. The path (see map) passes Olinda and reaches 

 the edge of the crater where the nearly vertical western wall 

 bounding it is not less than 2500 feet in height. Thence it 

 follows the summit southwestward to the southwest angle pass-, 

 ing Pendulum Peakf on the borders of the crater just before 

 reaching it. Here are three cinder cones, and the top of one is 

 the culminating point of the mountain, 10,032 feet above tide. 

 They stand at the head of a long line of cinder cones extend- 

 ing southwestward down the mountain to the sea; and near 

 the sea at the foot of this line are three or four comparatively 

 recent lava-streams, enough to illustrate the process of seashore 

 extension by such sea-border outflows. From the . southwest 

 angle of the crater and the base of one of the three cinder 

 cones, a cinder-made slope of rather easy grade descends into 

 the crater, making a convenient place of descent ; and thence 

 the path continues eastward to the usual place of encampment, 

 4^ miles from the top. 



2. The two great discharge-ways of the crater.— Besides its 

 lofty walls and great area, the most remarkable features of the 

 crater are the two openings, a northern and a southern, a mile 

 to a mile and a half wide between precipitous walls of rock — 

 the walls of the northern 2,000 feet and over, of the southern, 

 1,000 to 2,000 feet — through which poured the lava of prob- 

 ably the last of the great eruptions. The Kaupo lava-stream, 

 the southern, has much the smoother surface, as if more 

 recent ; but the broader Koolau stream descended the wind- 



cal height is increased four times, and the craters and valleys are thus strongly 

 brought out. All such exaggerated relief maps, whether of a mountain or sea- 

 basin, need a note of warning attached to prevent wrong conclusions as to slopes 

 and heights ; for the ratio of 4 to 1 instead of 1 to 1 changes a slope of 14° to 

 one of 45°, a low to an acute cone. The light shading used on the map of Hawaii 

 in the last volume of this Journal and here on that of Maui, is intended to bring 

 out the idea as nearly as may be of a mean slope of 1 to 10 degrees. 



* Wilkes's Narrative, vol. iv, p. 255. In the Exploring Expedition I had no 

 chance to visit Maui, and saw it only from ship-board when passing it. 



f The Pendulum station of Mr. E. D. Preston, of the Coast Survey, in 1881 

 This Journal, last volume, page 305. 



