and their relations to Prehistoric Man. 461 



even in the case of certain classical sections of interglacial de- 

 posits, so that these have now lost the importance that was 

 formerly accorded to them." .... 



" In 1885 I made a visit to Germany, for the purpose of 

 comparing these Post-tertiary deposits with the corresponding 

 deposits of Russia. The results of my journey were then 

 published in Russian, and later were compiled by Mr. Sjogren 

 in German and in Swedish, so that they have become accessi- 

 ble to the savants of western Europe. Among other things, I 

 prove in those reports a complete analogy between the Russian 

 Quaternary deposits and the German types ; with only this dif- 

 ference, that over a vast expanse in central and northern 

 Russia there is a complete absence of traces of interglacial 

 deposits, and of the moraine of the second glaciation ; and 

 that the eastern limit of the second glaciation must pass 

 through Lithuania and the Baltic region. It is true, that in 

 the detailed geological literature of Russia we frequently find 

 announcements of the discovery of interglacial beds at one 

 point or another in middle Russia, or even in southern. 

 .Nevertheless, none of these cases can be taken seriously, as I 

 believe. Often they are called forth only by the false idea 

 that all the details of the Quaternary deposits of northern 

 Germany ought to be discovered everywhere in Russia." . . . 



Proceeding to describe with more detail the deposits of cer- 

 tain districts, he enumerates the four following as the principal 

 strata in Finland : 



(a) Old stratified sands and clays, intercalated in a few 

 places between the crystalline rocks and the moraine. 



(5) Unstratified clays, clayey sands and pebbly moraine, 

 mostly blue (grises) with polished, sub-angular, striated blocks 

 — the moraine prof onde of the first glaciation, according to 

 the Swedish classification. 



(c) Stratified sands and clays, with some rounded gravel — 

 the " interglacial " beds. 



(d) Unstratified, clayey gravel, sand and clay, mostly yellow, 

 with morainic pebbles and bowlders — the moraine prof onde of 

 the "second glaciation." In discussing the age of these de- 

 posits he says : 



"As to the advance of the glacial epoch in Finland and the 

 time of the formation of the two morainic clays, the terminal 

 moraines and osars, nothing is yet known with certainty. 

 However, we have as yet no reason to distinguish here, as a 

 fact irrevocably proved, the deposits of the first glaciation, 

 interglacial deposits, and those of the second glaciation, as in 

 Germany and Scandinavia. All the phenomena known up to 

 the present time connected with the glacial deposits of Fin- 

 land can easily be explained by a single, continued glaciation, 



