462 Nitikin on the Quaternary Deposits of JZussia 



and by a single glacier subject to oscillation. In short, no 

 interglacial deposits are here known containing animal and 

 vegetable remains. The morainic clay of the type (b) alone is 

 distributed over the interior of the country, and only in the 

 border portions of the country does it seem to be separated 

 into two types (b) and (d)." 



The author gives summary accounts of the deposits in seven 

 different regions, as follows : 



1. Finland, and the government of Olonetz. 



2. The Baltic region and the Waldai Mountains. 



3. Poland and Lithuania. 



4. Central Russia. 



5. The region of morainic deposits near the limits of their 

 distribution. 



6. The region of steppes in southern Russia, beyond the 

 limits of glaciation. 



7. The southeastern region of Russia. 



The whole makes a pamphlet of thirty-four large octavo 

 pages. It is, however, only the summary of a more detailed 

 report which he is soon to publish. It closes with the follow- 

 ing : 



" Principal Theses." 



1. "The subdivision of the stone age into palaeolithic and 

 neolithic epochs should be preserved for European Russia, 

 because it here coincides with the geological divisions into 

 Pleistocene and modern, which are in their turn based upon 

 palseontological data. 



2. " The study of the glacial deposits of Finland and of the 

 western region furnishes no proof of the existence of two dis- 

 tinct glacial epochs and an interglacial epoch. All the facts 

 can be explained by the phenomena of the oscillation of the 

 glacier at the time of its gradual, but irregular, retreat. 



3. " If however one accepts the Swedish and Prussian 

 theory of the subdivision of the glacial period into two epochs 

 and an interglacial epoch, the second glaciation cannot have 

 extended beyond the western region, in a certain part (com- 

 paratively restricted) of the Baltic region, of Finland and of 

 the government of Olonetz. 



4. " The other portion of Russia subjected to glaciation, has 

 only one morainic stage, corresponding to the deposits of the 

 first glacial epoch of the Swedes.. 



5. " At the epoch of the more extended glaciation the major 

 part of Russia presented the aspect of a desert of ice, similar 

 to that of Greenland, carrying no moraine upon its surface, 

 and presenting no elevation free from ice, where forest vegeta- 

 tion could be preserved. 



