and their relations to Prehistoric Man. 463 



6. " The time corresponding to the interglacial epoch and 

 the second glaciation of the Swedes, was probably, for the 

 greater part of Russia, the epoch of the formation of the 

 ancient lake deposits, the loess, and the upper terraces of the 

 rivers, which constitute the principal repository for the bones 

 of the mammoth and other extinct mammals, which abounded 

 here while Scandinavia and Finland were still covered by the 

 glacier. 



7. " In accordance with the composition and genesis of her 

 Quaternary deposits, European Russia may be divided into a 

 series of typical regions which are very characteristic, although 

 resting upon differences which are scarcely recognizable, but 

 which illustrate none the less the life of the immense Russian 

 plain during the Quaternary period, and the formation of her 

 superficial deposits. 



8. " In the second portion of the Glacial epoch, or of the 

 pleistocene, the mammoth and other large mammals inhabited 

 southern and eastern Russia in great numbers. As the glacier 

 retreated these animals advanced toward the north and north- 

 west ; toward the close of the pleistocene they reached Finland 

 for a very short time, and then disappeared entirely through- 

 out the whole extent of European Russia, but probably later 

 in its northeastern part and in Siberia. 



9. " Man lived contemporaneously with the mammoth dur- 

 ing the second part of the glacial epoch along the limits of 

 glaciation, possessing an industry well advanced, and making 

 use of fire among other things, but producing implements 

 solely of flaked flint. As the glacier retired, man advanced 

 toward the north and northwest : he arrived in Finland and 

 the Baltic region after the close of glaciation and after the dis- 

 appearance of the mammoth ; but man himself possessed 

 already the more advanced culture of the neolithic age, and 

 besides implements of trimmed flint, he knew how to make 

 implements in polished stone, pottery, etc. 



10. " European Russia shows no traces of man in the first 

 part of the Pleistocene, or of any more ancient man." 



