Interglacial Submergence in England. 3 



personal attention of Dr. Crosskey and Mr. Martin, of Bir- 

 mingham ; of Mr. Kendall, of Stockport, and various members 

 of the Northwestern Boulder Committee, of which he is presi- 

 dent, and of Mr. Lamplugh of Bridlington, — all of whom have 

 kindly accompanied me to the typical exposures of glacial de- 

 posits in, the vicinities where they reside. The aid of Dr. 

 Crosskey was specially important from the fact that he had 

 just completed the editing of Professor Lewis's field notes, 

 which are soon to be published. For Mr. Kendall's views I 

 am further indebted to a systematic statement of the facts 

 which he has prepared for me to be used as a chapter in a 

 volume, on " Man and the Glacial Period," which is soon to be 

 published in the International Scientific Series. 



At the outset the theory of deep interglacial submergence to 

 account for the shell-beds of Moel Tryfaen and Macclesfield 

 encounters many most formidable objections : 1st. The subsi- 

 dence must have been one which affected the north of Wales 

 and. central England, without affecting the region south of the 

 Bristol Channel and the Thames ; for confessedly there are no 

 marks of subsidence or of giaciation over that area. 2d. 

 There is in other places a remarkable absence of marks of sub- 

 sidence over the northern part of the center of England, 

 where it is supposed to have been the greatest. This is the 

 more noteworthy, since in the glaciated region farther north 

 kames abound, while at Glen Roy, a prominent feature in the 

 landscape is the beaches formed during the existence of 

 temporary glacial lakes, showing that the time which has 

 elapsed since the glacial period has been too short to permit 

 such features to be obliterated. But throughout all England 

 there is a conspicuous absence both of such beach lines at high 

 levels and of any other marks which would have been left by 

 a sea margin had it continued for any appreciable time at the 

 level of the shell-beds under consideration. 3d. This is still 

 more remarkable from the fact that the Pennine Chain is not 

 more than 25 or 30 miles wide from east to west, and east of 



at Hilderthorpe (Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, 

 1887): D. Mackintosh, On High-Level Marine Drifts (Quarterly Journal of the 

 Geological Society, 1881, pp. 351-369): Fred W. Martin, On Some Sections of the 

 Drift between Soho and Perry Barr, near Birmingham (Proceedings of the Birming- 

 ham Philosophical Society, vol. iv, part'II, pp. 364-370); First Report upon the 

 Distribution of Boulders in South Shropshire and South Staffordshire (Proceedings 

 of the Birmingham Philosophical Society, vol. vi, part I); Aubrey Strahan, On 

 the Giaciation of South Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Welsh Borders (Quarterly 

 Journal of the Geological Society, 1886); C. Reid, Geology of Holderness and of 

 Cromer (Geol. Survey) ; Woodward's Geology of England and Wales is a storehouse 

 of accurate information upon this as upon all other subjects of which it treats ; R. 

 M. Deeley, The Pleistocene Succession in the Trent Basin (Quarterly Journal of 

 the Geological Society for November, 1886); G. W. Lamplugh, On the Drifts of 

 Flamborough Head (Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for August, 1891). 



