Geology and Mineralogy. 75 



structure; the second, in the Uinta Range; the third in those 

 of laccolite origin, as the Henry Mts. ; the fourth, in the 

 Wasatch, it having been " elevated along fault-planes which form 

 its western boundary," and in the Sierra Nevadas, its "fault lines 

 bounding it on the east; the fifth, in volcanic cones and ridges; 

 The sixth, in elevated plateaus sculptured into mountain shapes. 

 Elevations of the first kind are attributed to force acting laterally, 

 due to the earth's contraction, and those of the following four to 

 force acting vertically upward. Mr. Upham remarks that greater 

 pressure of some portions of the crust than of others upon the plas- 

 tic interior would induce each phase of upward force in mountain- 

 building. Where the relations of intense heat, immense pressure, 

 and chemical influences, with presence of water or its farther 

 ingress, have allowed portions of the interior, often of great 

 extent, to become liquid lava, its extravasation by the same pres- 

 sure has formed laccolite mountains and erupted mountain masses, 

 while many volcanic cones have been mainly built up of frag- 

 ments of solidified lava, much of it so fine as to be called ashes 

 explosively ejected. 



4. On the Geology of Quebec City, Canada ; by Henry M. 

 Ami, M.A., F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of Canada. — From 

 the Canadian Record of Science, April, 1891. — Much diversity of 

 opinion has existed as to the exact geological position of some of 

 the terranes at and about Quebec City, as also along the whole 

 line of the great Appalachian or St. Lawrence-Charnplain. With 

 regard to the rocks forming the Citadel Hill or promontory ol 

 Quebec (Cape Diamond), an elaborate review of the opinions 

 that have been presented is given in Dr. Ells's last report to Dr. 

 Selwyn (1888), published by the Geological Survey of Canada, 

 which includes the history from Dr. Bigsby's paper published in 

 182V, down to Prof. Lapworth's Report, etc., published in the 

 Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada for 188V. 



The Rocks of Quebec have been referred to the age of the 

 Quebec Group (Levis Division) ; but the majority at present 

 regard them as newer than the Trenton limestone, viz : of 

 " Trenton-Utica," " Utica-Hudson," or " Lorraine " age. The 

 fauna of the Norman's Kiln shales, that of the Marsouin, of the 

 Tartigo River, Griffin Cove and Gagnon's Beach Rocks, as well 

 as that from Crane Island, N. W., or False Point of the Island of 

 Orleans, Quebec City. Etchemin River, between St. Henry and 

 St. Anselme, Drummondville, and other localities in Maine, Ver- 

 mont and New York States constitutes one large assemblage of 

 forms peculiar to one terrane. 



The fauna of the Lorraine shales, on the other hand, as it is 

 characterized at Montmorency Falls, Cote Sauvageau, in the St. 

 Charles Valley near Quebec, at Charlesbourg (near the Church), 

 two miles above St. Nicholas, Yamaska River, Riviere des Hu- 

 rons, and in the undisturbed regions in Ontario at Ottawa, To- 

 ronto, Weston, Oakville, Collingwood, etc., intermediate between 



