226 Washington — Catalan Volcanoes and their Rod*. 



(on the northeast) is 102 meters above the base as measured by 

 m v aneroid. This volcano possesses three well-defined craters. 

 Of these the southern one is the largest, some 300 meters 

 across, and also the lowest, the southern rim being almost at 

 the base of the volcano and scarcely more than two meters 

 above the crater floor. The northern and highest rim of this 

 crater is 32 meters above the base and is coincident with the 

 rim of the second or middle crater, which lias a diameter of 

 about 250 meters. The rim between these two is not very 

 well defined, but my observations agreed with those of Sapper 

 in leading to the conclusion that the more southerly and lower 

 crater was the later. The northern rim of this second crater 

 forms the highest portion of the cone, and forms a semi-circu- 

 lar ridge, the inner walls of which are quite steep. To the 

 east and west of the northern saddle, between this crater and 

 the one to be next mentioned, the ridge is formed largely of 

 massive blocks of compact lava, which are evidently the 

 remains of a lava flow, though the lower portions of it have 

 been removed or covered up. On the northern slope of the 

 volcano is the third crater, which is also the smallest, not more 

 than 150 meters across. The walls of this are even steeper 

 than those of the second crater, and the bottom is some 20 

 meters below the saddle, on which is built a small farmhouse 

 with a well of fresh water, this saddle being 80 meters above 

 the base and so some 20 meters below the highest summit. 

 Contrary to the opinion of Sapper, it seemed to me that this 

 northern crater was later than the middle one, and that it was 

 formed by a small flank explosion, which destro} 7 ed a large 

 part of the more solid lava flows which must have covered this 

 slope, leaving a precipitous face along part of the northern 

 rim of the second crater. There was no apparent way of 

 deciding as to the relative ages of the most southern and most 

 northern craters, but the relative states of preservation seemed 

 to indicate the former as having been formed prior to the latter. 

 La Garrinada is built up largely of loose scoriae and lapilli, 

 though solid lava, in blocks and probably in flows, enters into 

 its structure, without, however, affecting seriously its essential 

 character of a typical cinder cone. 



The cones of Estany (A of Sapper's map), which lies about 

 two kilometers to the east of La Garrinada on the road to Cas- 

 tellfullit, and that of Las Bisarocas, about one kilometer east 

 of Olot, are both typical cinder cones, the former about 100 

 and the latter 90 meters high, each with a well-defined crater, 

 and composed of loose material, similar to that of the cones 

 just mentioned, though blocks of compact lava occur at the 

 summit of Bisarocas and a lava flow was found at the east 

 base of Estanv. 



